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BIOL 108 > Topic 8 > Flashcards

Topic 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is broad patterns of evolutionary change above species level?

A

Macroevolution

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2
Q

What is the Biological Species Concept?

A

A species consists of a group of actually or potentially interbreeding individuals

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3
Q

What are two limitations of the Biological Species Concept?

A

i) Cannot be applied to fossils or asexual organisms

ii) It emphasizes the absence of gene flow

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4
Q

What concept defines a species by structural features?

A

Morphological species concept

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5
Q

What is the ecological species concept?

A

A species is a set of organisms adapted to a particular set of resources, called a niche, in the environment

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6
Q

What concept defines a species as the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree?

A

Phylogenetic species concept

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7
Q

T/F: The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation

A

True

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8
Q

What is reproductive isolation?

A

The existence of biological factors that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring (hybrids)

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9
Q

What do you call offspring of crosses between different species?

A

Hybrids

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10
Q

What do prezygotic barriers do?

A

They block fertilization from occurring

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11
Q

What are the five prezygotic isolation mechanisms?

A

i) Habitat isolation
ii) Temporal isolation
iii) Behavioral isolation
iv) Mechanical isolation
v) Gametic isolation

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12
Q

What type of isolation occurs when two species encounter each other rarely or not at all because they occupy different habitats?

A

Habitat isolation

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13
Q

What is temporal isolation?

A

Species that breed at different times of the day, seasons, or years cannot mix their gametes

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14
Q

What type of isolation occurs when courtship rituals and other unique behaviors create barriers?

A

Behavior isolation

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15
Q

What is mechanical isolation?

A

Morphological differences that prevent mating

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16
Q

What is gametic isolation?

A

When the gametes of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species

17
Q

What are postzygotic barriers?

A

They prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult

18
Q

What are the three types of postzygotic barriers?

A

i) Reduced hybrid viability
ii) Reduced hybrid fertility
iii) Hybrid breakdown

19
Q

What is reduced hybrid viability?

A

Occurs when genes of the different parent species may interact and impair the hybrid’s development

20
Q

What process describes hybrids that are sterile?

A

Reduced hybrid fertility

21
Q

What occurs when some first generation hybrids are fertile but when they breed the next generation are feeble or sterile?

A

Hybrid breakdown

22
Q

What are the two ways speciation occurs?

A

i) Allopatric speciation

ii) Sympatric speciation

23
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Occurs when gene flow is interrupted when the population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

24
Q

What are two ways allopatric speciation occur?

A

i) Dispersal: results in the establishment of a new and distant population
ii) Vicariance: the range of a species is split by a change in the environment

25
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Takes place in geographically overlapping populations if individuals in the subgroup stop mating with individuals of the larger population

26
Q

Sympatric speciation can occur by three factors. What are they?

A

i) Polyploidy
ii) Habitat differentiation
iii) Sexual selection

27
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

It is the presence of extra chromosome sets due to errors during cell division

28
Q

What is the result of a polyploidy?

A

It can produce new sympatric biological species within a single generation

29
Q

What is the difference between an autopolyploid and an allopolyploid?

A

An autopolyploid is an individual with multiple chromosome sets derived from one species and an allopolyploid is a species derived from different species

30
Q

What is habitat differentiation?

A

Sympatric speciation resulting from the appearance of new ecological niches

31
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

It involves the evolution of traits that increase an individual’s access to members of the opposite sex

32
Q

What do you call a region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids?

A

Hybrid zone

33
Q

What are the three outcomes of hybrid zones?

A

i) Reinforcement: of barriers occurs when hybrids are less fit than the parent
ii) Stability: continued formation of hybrid individuals
iii) Fusion: weakening reproductive barriers

34
Q

What are the two patterns for the rate of speciation seen in fossil records?

A

i) Punctuated equilibrium

ii) Gradualism

BIOL 108 (14 decks)

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