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BIOL 108 > Topic 10 > Flashcards

Topic 10 Flashcards

1
Q

How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotes?

A

i) Small and unicellular
ii) High rates of metabolism
iii) Variety of cell shapes
iv) Circular genome not surrounded by a nuclear membrane
v) No membrane-bound organelles

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2
Q

What are the five structural and functional adaptations that contribute to prokaryotic success?

A

i) Cell-surface structures
ii) Endospores
iii) Motility
iv) Internal organization and DNA
v) Reproduction

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3
Q

How do cell-surface structures contribute to prokaryotic success?

A

Cell walls, gram stains, capsules and fimbriae contribute to their success

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4
Q

What is the structure that surrounds prokaryotes with a sticky polysaccharide or protein layer?

A

Capsule

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5
Q

What are prokaryotic fimbriae?

A

Hair-like appendages that help cells adhere to a substrate or other individuals in a colony

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6
Q

What are bacterial cell walls composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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7
Q

What do cell walls do?

A

i) Maintain cell shape
ii) Protect the cell
iii) Prevents bursting

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8
Q

What are Gram-positive bacteria?

A

They have one membrane with a large amount of peptidoglycan

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9
Q

What are Gram-negative bacteria?

A

They have an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane, a middle layer of peptidoglycan and an inner membrane

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10
Q

What form of bacteria are metabolically inactive and can remain viable in harsh conditions?

A

Endospores

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11
Q

How are prokaryotes motile?

A

They have flagella

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12
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

They reproduce quickly by binary fission

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13
Q

What are the three factors that contribute to prokaryotic genetic variation?

A

i) Rapid reproduction
ii) Mutation
iii) Genetic recombination

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14
Q

What is the movement of genes among individuals from different species?

A

Horizontal gene transfer

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15
Q

What are the three ways genetic recombination occurs in prokaryotes?

A

i) Transformation
ii) Transduction
iii) Conjugation

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16
Q

What process involves the uptake and incorporation of foreign DNA from the surrounding environment?

A

Transformation

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17
Q

What process is the movement of genes between bacteria by a bacteriophage?

A

Transduction

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18
Q

What process is where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells?

A

Conjugation

19
Q

How does conjugation occur?

A

i) Donor transfers DNA to recipient
ii) Donor attaches to recipient by a pilus to pull it closer
iii) Transfer of DNA unidirectionally

20
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The chemical pathways used by living organisms to build up molecules (anabolism) or to break down molecules (catabolism)

21
Q

What are phototrophs?

A

They obtain energy from light

22
Q

What are chemotrophs?

A

They obtain energy from chemicals

23
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

They use inorganic molecules as a carbon source

24
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

They use organic substances to obtain carbon

25
Q

What organisms require O2 for cellular respiration?

A

Obligate aerobes

26
Q

What organisms use fermentation or anaerobic respiration?

A

Obligate anaerobes

27
Q

What element can prokaryotes metabolize?

A

Nitrogen

28
Q

What group of bacteria is large and metabolically diverse?

A

Proteobacteria

29
Q

What type of proteobacteria includes pathogens?

A

Gamma and epsilon proteobacteria

30
Q

What group of bacteria are parasites that live within animal cells?

A

Chlamydias

Also: have no peptidoglycan

31
Q

What prokaryotes are the only ones that produce O2 through photoautotropy?

A

Cyanobacteria

32
Q

What bacterial group are the only ones that stain Gram-positive?

A

Gram-positive bacteria

33
Q

What group of bacteria includes important decomposers and dangerous pathogens?

A

Gram-positive bacteria

34
Q

What domain shares traits with both bacteria and eukaryotes?

A

Domain Archaea

35
Q

What type of organism prefers living in extreme environments characterized by low pH, high salt, etc.? Give an example

A

Extremophiles

Ex. Archaea

36
Q

Methanogens that produce methane live in:

A

Anoxic (low O2) habitats such as swamps/marshes

37
Q

Extreme halophiles live in:

A

High saline environments

38
Q

Extreme thermophiles thrive in:

A

Very hot environments

39
Q

What do chemoheterotropic prokaryotes do?

A

Decompose waste

40
Q

What is an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact with a host and symbiont?

A

Symbiosis

41
Q

What relationship has both symbiotic organisms benefitting?

A

Mutualism

42
Q

What is commensalism?

A

One organism benefits while neither harming nor helping others

43
Q

What relationship is when an organism harms but does not kill its host?

A

Parasitism

BIOL 108 (14 decks)

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