Topic 13

Question 1

What protist supergroup are land plants a part of?

Answer 1

Archaeplastida

Question 2

What are some characteristics of plants?

Answer 2

i) Multicellular
ii) photosynthetic eukaryotes
iii) cell walls made of cellulose
iv) have chloroplasts with chlorophyll a and b
v) store photosynthetic sugars
vi) alteration of generations

Question 3

What did land plants evolve from?

Answer 3

Freshwater green algae (charophytes)

Question 4

What are the three traits shared between land plants and charophytes?

Answer 4

i) Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
ii) Homologous structure of flagellated sperm
iii) Phragmoplast formation during cell division

Question 5

How did movement to land occur for plants?

Answer 5

Decreased competition
Increased photosynthesis
O2 atmosphere
Soil rich in nutrients
Few predators

Question 6

What are two challenges to living on land for plants?

Answer 6

i) Scarcity of water

ii) Lack of structural support

Question 7

What adaptations of land plants enabled colonization of land?

Answer 7

i) Sporopollenin
ii) Adaptations for water conservation
iii) Vascular tissue for internal transport
iv) Compartmentalization

Question 8

What is sporopollinin?

Answer 8

A durable polymer secreted by charophyte zygotes in the cell wall

Question 9

What are two adaptations for water conservation?

Answer 9

i) Waxy cuticle

ii) Stomata

Question 10

What do you call pores in the epidermis of leaves and other photosynthetic organs?

Answer 10

Stomata

Question 11

What is the xylem?

Answer 11

Cells that carry water and minerals up from roots that’s strengthened by lignin

Question 12

What plant cells distribute organic products?

Answer 12

Phloem cells

Question 13

What are the five shared derived traits of Plantae that separate plants from charophytes?

Answer 13

i) Alternation of generations
ii) Walled spores produced in sporangia
iii) Multicellular gametangia
iv) Multicellular, dependent embryos
v) Apical meristems

Question 14

What is alternation of generations?

Answer 14

The life cycle of land plants alternates between the sporophyte and the gametophyte

Question 15

What is a sporophyte?

Answer 15

Diploid multicelluar generation specialized for dispersal

Question 16

How is the sporophyte created?

Answer 16

Through the fusion of gametes (fertilization) to give rise to diploid sporophyte which produces haploid spores by meiosis

Question 17

What is the gametophyte?

Answer 17

Haploid multicellular generation specialized for fertilization

Question 18

What does the gametophyte do?

Answer 18

Produves haploid gametes by mitosis

Question 19

What are the five steps of alternation of generations?

Answer 19

i) Gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis
ii) Two gametes unite and form diploid zygote
iii) Zygote develops into diploid sporophyte
iv) Sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis
v) Spores develop into haploid gametophytes

Question 20

Where does the sporophyte produce spores?

Answer 20

Sporangia

Question 21

What do you call diploid cells that undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores?

Answer 21

Sporocytes

Question 22

Where do gametophytes produce gametes?

Answer 22

Gametangia

Question 23

What are female gametangia that produce eggs and are the site of fertilization?

Answer 23

Archegonia

Question 24

What are male gametangia that produce and release sperm?

Answer 24

Antheridia

Question 25

Where are the diploid embryos in plants?

Answer 25

Within the archegonia of the female gametophyte

Question 26

What are localized regions of cell division at the tips of shoots and roots?

Answer 26

Apical meristems

Question 27

What are nonvascular plants called?

Answer 27

Bryophytes

Question 28

What are the two clades that make the paraphyletic group of seedless vascular plants?

Answer 28

Lycophytes (mosses) and monilophytes (ferns)

Question 29

What is a seed?

Answer 29

The embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

Question 30

What two clades make the seed plants?

Answer 30

Gymnosperms and angiosperms