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AQA Chemistry GCSE > Topic 7 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A molecule that is formed only from hydrogen and carbon

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2
Q

What are the first four alkanes?

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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3
Q

What is the formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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4
Q

What are saturated compounds?

A

Each carbon atom has four single bonds, no double bonds

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5
Q

What are the properties of alkanes as chin size increases?

A

Boiling point increases
Volatility decreases due to high boiling point
Flammability decreases
Viscosity increases

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6
Q

What is the formula for complete combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> Co2 + water

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7
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

The process of separating crude oil into its hydrocarbon components

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8
Q

How is crude oil made?

A

Plankton that died millions of years ago and got buried.
They got turned into crude oil by high temperatures and pressures
They can be drilled out of the rock

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9
Q

What are the key features of fractional distillation?

A

A fractional column that is cooler toward the top.
Hydrocarbons will condense into a liquid a certain points when the become cooler than there boiling points

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10
Q

What is cracking?

A

Cracking is a thermal decomposition reaction which uses heat to break down hydrocarbons

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11
Q

What are the two types of cracking?

A

Steam cracking
Catalytic cracking

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12
Q

What are the steps to catalytic cracking?

A

Vaporise the alkanes
Pass over aluminium oxide powder
This causes them to split apart

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13
Q

What are the steps of steam cracking?

A

Vaporised alkanes
Mix with steam
Heat to high temp so alkanes are split

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14
Q

What is an alkene?

A

An hydrocarbon with a double bonded carbon

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15
Q

What is the formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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16
Q

What forms during cracking?

A

An alkane and an alkene

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17
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated and why?

A

Unsaturated because they contain two fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms.

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18
Q

What are the difference between alkanes and alkenes?

A

Alkenes are more reactive so when added to bromine water it will turn from orange to colourless
Alkenes can be added together to form polymers by breaking their double bond

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19
Q

What is the test for alkenes?

A

Adding them to bromine water should turn it colourless

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20
Q

What are the three types of addition reactions with alkenes?

A

Hydrogen
Water
Halogen

21
Q

Explain the addition reaction with alkenes and hydrogen

A

Hydrogen and alkene passed over catalyst to from alkane

22
Q

Explain the addition creation with alkene and water

A

Ethene and water over catalyst with high temperatures from ethanol

23
Q

How can you separate water and ethanol

A

With fractional distillation

24
Q

Explain the addition reaction with an alkene and a halogen

A

Ethene and bromine into colourless dibromoethane - an alkane. This is how the test for alkenes takes place.

25
Q

Do alkenes react with oxygen and how?

A

Yes, the react with oxygen in combustion reactions but they produce smoky flames due to incomplete combustion.

26
Q

How can alkenes make polymers?

A

By addition polymerisation

27
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

The process in which many small monomers join together right form very large polymers

28
Q

What functional group does an alcohol contain?

A

An OH

29
Q

What is the general formula for an alcohol group?

A

CnH2n+1OH

30
Q

What happens when an alcohol reacts in air?

A

Combustion reaction where alcohol and oxygen form carbon dioxide and water

31
Q

What happens when an alcohol is added to water?

A

The alcohol will dissolve into water with and have a neutral pH

32
Q

What happens when an alcohol reacts with an oxidising agent?

A

It forms a carboxylic acid

33
Q

What happens when an alcohol reacts with sodium?

A

It forms hydrogen and a salt e.g sodium ethoxide

34
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

Involves the use of two functional groups and usually loses a small molecule like water

35
Q

What is needed for condensation polymers?

A

Each monomer has to have at least two functional groups. And there overall needs to be two different functional groups.

36
Q

How can ethanol be created by fermentation and what are the necessary conditions?

A

Fermentation of sugar using yeast cells. Around 30-40 degrees for optimum temperature of enzymes and anaerobic conditions so the thankless isn’t oxidised.

37
Q

How can ethanol be produced using steam?

A

Needs a temp of 300c and 60-70 atmospheres pressure over a catalyst. Reacts ethene with steam

38
Q

What is the functional group for a carboxylic acid and what is the end of the name of a chemical in the series?

A

COOH and ends in ..anoic acid

39
Q

What are carboxylic acids weak?

A

Because they don’t fully ionise.

40
Q

What happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal carbonate and give an example?

A

Carboxylic acid + metal carbonate -> salt. + water + carbon dioxide

Ethanoic acid +. Potassium carbonate -> potassium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide

41
Q

How are carboxylic acids made?

A

By reacting an alcohol with an oxidising agent to add thee required oxygen for the functional group

42
Q

What is the functional group of an ester?

A

COO

43
Q

What are the properties of esters?

A

Easily evaporate, volatile and have pleasant smells

44
Q

How are esters made and what happens during the reaction?

A

Reacting a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. The acid loses a PH group. And the alcohol loses a Hydrogen to form a water molecule.

45
Q

What are three naturally occurring polymers?

A

Polypeptides, DNA, Carbohydrates

46
Q

What makes a polypeptide a polymer - how is it made?

A

The reaction of amino acids by condensation polymerisation. This is because an amino acid contains a carboxylic acid group and a amino group.

47
Q

What are the monomers of DNA?

A

Nucleotides

48
Q

How are carbohydrates a polymer - how are they made?

A

They are made of monomers which are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. The monomers join together to form polysaccharides.

AQA Chemistry GCSE (14 decks)

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