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Biology Edexcel ✅ > Topic 7 - Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones are

A

Chemical messengers in the blood that omly affect target organs

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2
Q

Pituitary gland function

A

Produces many hormones that regulate body conditions by affecting other glands. Located under the brain

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3
Q

Thyroid gland function

A

Produces thyroxine. Located under the neck

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4
Q

Adrenal glands function

A

produce adrenaline. Located by the pancreas

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5
Q

Pancreas function

A

Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar

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6
Q

Ovaries function

A

Produce oestrogen, and controsl the menstrual cycle.

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7
Q

Testes function

A

Produce testosterone whioch controls puberty and sperm production in males

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8
Q

Neurones vs hormones

A

Neurones are fast acting and act on a precise area.
Hormones are slow acting and act more generally

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9
Q

Adrenaline prepare the body for fight or flight by

A

Increasing heart rate by binding to receptors in the heart
Increasing blood pressure
Increase blood flow to muscles
Raise blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to break down glycogen into glucose

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10
Q

Negative feedback is

A

When the body detects level of a substance too high or too low, and a resposne is triggered to bring it back to normal

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11
Q

Thyroxine controls

A

Metabolism

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12
Q

Negative feedback system for thryoxine process

A

When blood thryoxine is low, the hypothalamus is stimulated to release TRH(Thyrotropin releasing hormone)
TRH stimulates pituitary gland to release TSH(Thyroid stimulating hormone)
TSH stimulates the hyroid to release thyroxine
When thryoxine is too high, TRH is inhibited

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13
Q

The menstrual cycle is

A

A monthly sequence of events where the female body releases an egg and prepares the uterus

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14
Q

4 stages of menstrual cycle

A

Stage 1 - Menstruation starts
2 - Uterus lining is repaired
3 - Egg develops and ovulation
4 - Linign maintained

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15
Q

Stage 1 of menstrual cycle

A

Uterus lining breaks down and releases

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16
Q

Stage 2 of menstrual cycle

A

From day 4-14, uterus becomes a thick spongy layer ready for an egg

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17
Q

Stage 3 of menstrual cycle

A

Egg develops and is released from the ovary around day 14

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18
Q

Stage 4 of menstrual cycle

A

From day 14-28, lining is maintained. If no fertilised egg lands on it, the layer starts to break down and the cycle repeats

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19
Q

FSH(follicle-stimulating hormone) function

A

Released by pituitary gland
Causes a follicle to mature in the ovary
Stimulates oestrogen production

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20
Q

Oestrogen function

A

Released by ovaries
Causes the lining of the uterus to thicken
A high level causes an LH surge

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21
Q

LH(lutenising hormone) function

A

Released by pituitary gland
LH surge stimulates ovulation at day 14
Stimulates the remains of follicle to develop into corpus luteum - which secretes progesterone

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22
Q

Progesterone function

A

Released by the corpus luteum after ovulation
Maintains the lining of the uterus
Inhibits FSH and LH to prevent more cycles
When progesterone and oestrogen are low, uterus lining breaks down
Stays high when pregnant

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23
Q

Contraceptives use

A

Hormones: oestrogen and progesterone

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24
Q

How does oestrogen in contraceptives work

A

If oestrogen is highy veryday, it inhibits FSH, so eventually egg development and production stop

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25
How does progesterone in contraceptives work
Can develop a thick cervical mucus which prevents sperm entering
26
The combined pill and contraceptive patch hormones
Oestrogen and progesterone.
27
The mini-pill and contraceptive injection hormones
Only progesterone
28
Barrier methods of contraception work by
Putting a barrier between the sperm and egg so they dont meet
29
Barrier methods of contraception examples
Condoms and diaphragms
30
Hormonal contraception advantages
More effective Couple doesnt have to think about it everytime
31
Hormonal contraception disdvantages
Can have side-effects Dont protect against STI's like condoms do
32
2 ways of treating infertility usiong hormones
Clomifene therapy IVF(in vitro fertilisation)
33
Clomifene therapy process
Some women are infertile because they dont ovulate Take a drug called clomifene that causes FSH and LH to be released by body. Stimulates egg maturation and ovulation
34
IVF process
FSH and LH given to produce eggs. Collecting eggs from ovaries and fertilisng them in a lab using the mans sperm. Grown into embryos and placed in uterus. Example of ART(assisted reproductive technology) because eggs are handled outside the body
35
Homeostasis is
Maintaining a constant internal environment
36
Homeostasis is needed because
Cells and enzymes need the right conditions to function properly
37
Thermoregulation is
The maintenance of body temperature
38
Body temperature is controlled by the
Hypothalamus
39
Enzymes in the human boyd work best at`
37*C
40
The hypothalamus detetcs temp changes by
Receptors to blood temperature in the brain Impulses from receptors in the dermis and epidermis of skin for external temp
41
Thermoregulation in the body when too hot
Erector muscles relax so hairs lie flat Sweat is produced, so that it evaporates and transfers thermal energy away from skin Blood vessels near skin vasodilate
42
Thermoregulation when body is too cold
Erector muscles contract so hairs stand and create insualting layer of air No sweat Blood vessels near skin vasoconstrict Shivering to increase thermal energy transfer
43
Blood glucose too high negatvie feedback
Insulin added to blood. Glucose moves from blood to liver and muscle cells and turns into glycogen. the blood glucose reduces
44
Blood glucose too low neagtvie feedback
Glucagon added to blood. Causes liver and muscles to convert glycogen to glucose. Glucose goes into blood and increases blood sugar
45
Type 1 diabetes is caused by
The pancreas not producing enough insulin
46
How is type 1 diabetes controlled
Insulin therapy Limiting intake of sugars Taking regular exercise
47
Type 2 diabetes is caused by
the body becoming resistant to insulin
48
Type 2 diabetes is controlled by
eating a healthy diet Regular exercise Losing weight Medication
49
Type 2 diabetes is correlated with
Obesity
50
People are obese if BMI is
above 30
51
BMI =
mass(kg) / Height(m)^2
52
Waist-to-hip ratio =
Waist circumference(cm) / Hip circumference(cm)
53
The journey in the urinary system
Renal artery 2 kidneys Renal vein Ureter Bladder Urethra
54
3 functions of kidneys
Removal of urea from blood Adjustment of ion levels Controlling water levels in blood
55
Nephron structure
Blood form renal artery Glomerulus Bowmans capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct
56
Process through a nephron
Blood enters the glomerulus through the renal artery It gets pushed through the bowmans capsule at a high pressure so ultrafiltration occurs Bigger molecules like proteins cant pass through so arent forced out As it flows through the nephron, substances are selectively reabsorbed: All glucose is reabsorbed Sufficient ions and water are reabsorbed according to the level of ADH What isnt reabsorbed continues through the nephron to the collecting duct, to pass down to the bladder
57
Amount of water reabsorbed is controlled by
ADH(anti-diuretic hormone)
58
ADH is produced by
the pituitary gland
59
more ADH causes
the collecting ducts of the nephrons to become more permeable and reabsorb more water
60
Water gain negative feedback
Brain detects water gain Pituitary releases less ADH Kidney reabsorbs less water More urination
61
Water loss negative feedback
Brain detects water loss Pituitary releases more ADH Kidney reabsorbs more water Less urination
62
2 treatment for kidney failure
Dialysis Organ donation
63
Dialysis process
blood enters machine from person passes through a selectively permeable membrane with dialysis fluid flowing on the other side Waste products diffuse into dialysis fluid Blood flows back to person
64
Dialysis frequency
Done regularly to keep blood concentrations right
65
Dialysis fluid is
A liqudi with the same concentration of salts and glucose as blood plasma, so that they dont dissolve out
66
The selectively permeable membrane in dialysis is
Permeable to iosn and waste substances, but not to big molecules like proteins
67
Precautions taken during kidney transplant
Needs to be a closely matchign tissue type Medication that supresses the immune system so that it doesnt attack the new kidney
68
Urea is produced from
the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver

Biology Edexcel ✅ (9 decks)

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