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Biology Edexcel > Topic 2 - Cells and Control > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cells and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

Chromosome

A

Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

Where body cells in multicellular organisms divide to produce new cells during a process called the cell cycle. Used to grow or replace damaged cells. Used by some organisms to reproduce(asexual reproduction)

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3
Q

Stages of the cell cycle

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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4
Q

Interphase

A

When the cell isnt dividing and DNA duplicates to create x shaped chromosomes.

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5
Q

Prophase

A

Mitosis starts. Chromosomes condense and nucleus membrane breaks down to let the chromosomes lie free in the cytoplasm.

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6
Q

Metaphase

A

The chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell

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7
Q

Anaphase

A

Cell fibres pull the chromosomes apart. The x splits and each arm goes to an opposite side of the cell.

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8
Q

Telophase

A

Membranes form around the new sets of chromosomes to make two nuclei. Cytokinesis occurs to froma cytoplasm and cell membrane around each new cell.

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9
Q

New cells are called

A

Daughter cells. Each has identical sets of chromosomes and are therefore genetically identical diploid cells.

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10
Q

Plants and animals grow using

A

Cell differentiation, division, and elongation

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11
Q

Cell differentiation

A

The process where a cell changes to be specialised for its job.

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12
Q

Cell division

A

Mitosis

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13
Q

Cell elongation

A

Where plant cells expand, making the cell and the plant bigger.

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14
Q

Cancer

A

A mass of abnormal cells called a tumour that invades and destroys surrounding tissue.

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15
Q

How does cancer happen

A

If there is a change in a gene that controls cell division, a cell may start dividing uncontrollably and cause a tumour.

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16
Q

What is percentile chart used for growth

A

used to measure a childs growth over time. The percentiles show how many children have reached that growth.

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17
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that are found in embryos(embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell) or adult stem cells which are found in places like bone marrow and cant differentiate into every cell type.

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18
Q

Meristems

A

Tissue found at the tips of roots or shoots that contains unspecialised cells that can form any cell type. They can generate any type of cell for as long as the plant lives.

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19
Q

Benefits of stem cell in medicine

A

Can cure diseases by replacing damaged cells
Potential for new cures

20
Q

Risks of stem cells in medicine

A

Can lead to tumour development
Disease transmission
Rejection

21
Q

Spinal cord

A

A long column of neurons that run from the base of the brain to the spine

22
Q

Brain

A

Billions of interconnected neurons

23
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain. Divided into 2 halves called cerebral hemispheres. Right side controls muscles on left and vice versa. Controls movement, inteligence, memory, language and vision

24
Q

Cerebellum

A

Muscle coordination and balance

25
Q

medulla oblongata

A

Controls unconcious activities like breathing and heart rate

26
Q

CT scanner

A

Uses x-rays to provide an image of the brain. No functions shown.

27
Q

PET scans

A

Uses radioactive chemicals to show active parts of the brains during scan. Shows structure and functions.

28
Q

Limitations of treating damage in CNS

A

Hard to repair because CNS doesnt actively repair itself
Hard to surgically access some parts of nervous system
Treatment can lead to permanent damage

29
Q

Sensory neurone

A

A long dendron carries nerve impulses from receptor cells to the cell body. A short axon carries nerve imulses to the CNS.

30
Q

Motor neurone

A

Many short dendrites carry impluses from the CNS to the cell body. One long axon carries nerve impluses to the effector cell.

31
Q

Relay nuerone

A

Mnay short dendrites carry nerve impluses from sensory neurones to cell body. Then a axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to the motor neurones.

32
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Insulates the axon to prevent imulses escaping. Mainly found on motor neurones but can be found on sensory and relay ones.

33
Q

Synapse

A

The connection between two neurones. The signal is detected and a nuerotransmitter is released across the gap. The next neurone detects it and carries on the electrical signal.

34
Q

Reflex arc

A

The automatic rapid response to a stimuli that bypasses the brain and reduces risk of injury. Stimulus - Receptor - Sensory neurone - Spinal cord - Motor neurone - Effector - Response

35
Q

Cornea

A

Refracts light into the eye

36
Q

Iris

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

37
Q

Lens

A

Also refratcs light and focuses it onto the retina

38
Q

Retina

A

A light sensitive part covered and rod and cone cells that detect light

39
Q

Rod cells

A

More sensitive to dim light but cant see colour

40
Q

Cone cells

A

Can see colour but not good with dim light

41
Q

Optic nerve

A

Carries the electrical impulses that were converted from light information to the brain

42
Q

Distant objects

A

Ciliary muscles relaxes, pulling the suspensory ligament tight. This makes the lens less rounded which refratcs light less

43
Q

Close objects

A

Ciliary muscles contracts, slackening the suspensory ligaments. Lens becomes more rounded, so light refracts more.

44
Q

Long-sightedness

A

Unable to focus on near objects. Lens not rounded enough or eyeball too short. Glasses with convex lens fix.

45
Q

Short-sightedness

A

Unable to focus on distant objects. Lens too round or eyball too long. Glasses with concave lens fix.

46
Q

Cataracts

A

Cloudy patch on the lens. Leads to blurred vision. Replace the lens with artificial one.

47
Q

Colour-blindness

A

When cones cells in the retina dont work correctly.

Biology Edexcel (9 decks)

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