Topic 5 - Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines Flashcards
1
Q
Health definition
A
A state of compelte mental, physical and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
2
Q
Communicable diseases means
A
Thye can spread between individuals
3
Q
Non-communicable disease means
A
They dont spread between individuals.
4
Q
How can one disease make you more susceptible to others
A
Your body may become weakened so its less able to fight others.
5
Q
A pathogen is
A
A communicable disease causing organism
6
Q
Pathogens include
A
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists
7
Q
Cholera pathogen
A
Bacteria called Vibrio Cholerae
8
Q
Cholera symptoms
A
Diarrhoea
9
Q
Cholera spreads by
A
Contaminated water sources
10
Q
Cholera reduction
A
Access to clean water
11
Q
Tubercolosis pathogen
A
Bacteria called Mycobacterium turbercolosis
12
Q
TB symptoms
A
Coughing and lung damage
13
Q
TB spreads by
A
Through the air when individual coughs
14
Q
TB reduction
A
Infected peopel avoiding crowded places, sleeping alone etc
15
Q
Malaria pathogen
A
A protist called malaria
16
Q
Malaria symptoms
A
Red blood cell damage, liver damage
17
Q
malaria spreads by
A
Mosquitos carry it but dont get it themselves. Carry from infected human to another human
18
Q
Malaria reduction
A
Mosquito nets, insct repellent
19
Q
Stomach ulcers
A
Bacteria called Helicobacter Pylori
20
Q
Stomahc ulcers symptoms
A
Stomach pain, nausea, vomiting
21
Q
Stomach ulcers spread by
A
Oral transmission eg swallowing contaminated food and water
22
Q
Stomach ulcers reduction
A
Having clean water supplies and hygeinic living
23
Q
Ebola pathogens
A
Ebola virus
24
Q
Ebola symptoms
A
Haemorrhagic fever(a fever with external bleeding)
25
Ebola spreads by
Via bodily fluids
26
Ebola reduction
Isolating individual and sterilising areas where virus may be present
27
Chalara ash dieback(CAD) pathogen
Fungus that infects ash trees
28
CAD symptoms
Leaf loss and bark lesion(wounds)
29
CAD spreads by
Carried through air by the wind
30
CAD reduction
Removing young infected ash trees. Restricting imports or movement of ash trees
31
Viruses are a
Protein coat around a strand of genetic material. They must infect a living cell to reproduce
32
Two pathways of virus reproduction
Lytic and lysogenic
33
Lytic pathways
Virus attaches itself to cell and injects genetic material
Virus uses host proteins and enzymes to replicate genetic material and produce new virus components
Viral components assemble
Host cell splits open and the virus is released, so it repeats
34
Lysogenic pathway
The injected genetic material is incorporated into genome of host cell
The viral genetic material gets replicated with host DNA but virus stays dormant
Eventually a trigger(presence of a chemical) causes the viral genetic material to leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway
35
STI's are
Infections that are spread through sexual contact including sexual intercourse
36
2 STI's needed to be known
Chlamydia and HIV
37
Chlamydia pathogen
Bacteria that behaves like a virus
38
Chlamydia symptoms
Not always symptoms, but can cause infertility in men and women
39
Chlamydia reduction
Condom
Screeing an individual and treating the disease if present before sexual contact
Avoiding sexual contact
40
HIV stands for
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
41
HIV pathogen
Virus
42
HIV symptoms
Kills white blood cells
leads to AIDS(aquired immune deficiency syndrome)
Immune system deteriorates and fails
person becomes extermely vulnerabl to all pathogens so often die
43
HIV spreads by
Bodily fluids(blood, semen, vaginal fluids)
44
HIV prevention
Condoms
Dont share needles
Medication
45
Plants use physical and chemical barriers
to protect against pathogens and pests
46
Plant physical defences
Waxy cuticle which stops pathogens entering and water buildup on surface
Cell walls made of cullulose that keep pathogens out of cells.
47
Plant chemical defences
Antiseptics which kill bacterial and fungal pathogens.
Chemicals produced to deter pests.
Some of these chemicals can be used to treat human disease and releive symptoms
48
Plant chemical defences that can be used for humans
Quinine from the bark of a cinchona tree - treats malaria
Asparin from bark and leaves of willow trees - Relieves pain and fever
49
Plant diseases are detected and identified by
Observations
Eliminating environmental causes
Analysing distribution of diseased plants
Lab diagnostic testing allows for accurate detection
50
Human physical barriers
Skin and blood clots - Barrier to pathogens
Mucus - In nose and trachea trap pathogens
Hair and cilia - Hair in nose and cilia in trachea waft mucus up to throat to be swallowed and killed by stomach acid
51
Human chemical barriers
Stomach produces hydrochloric acid that kills most pathogens that are swallowed
Eyes produce a chemical called lysozome in tears that kills bacteriao n surface of eye
52
A specific immune response is
The immune response to a specific pathogen
53
The white blood cell responsible for specific immune responses are
B-lymphocytes
54
Specific immune response process
Every pathogen has unique molecules on its surface called antigens
When a B-lymphocyte encounters an antigenit produces proteins called antibodies.
The antibodies bind to the pathogen and identify it, signalling to the rest of the body
The antibodies are specfic to the pathogen
Phagocytes engulf the pathogen and kill it.
The antibodies are then produced rapidly and travel aroudn the body to find all the other pathogens
The antigens also trigger production of memory lymphocytes
55
Memory lymphocytes
Remember the antigen and stay in the body for a long time to prevent further infection
56
Secondary repsonse process
Memory lymphocytes have been produced by the original infection
If the pathogen enters the body again, the cells can quickly produce antibodies and kill the pathogen
Kills pathogen before symptoms
57
Immunisation involves
Injecting dead or inactive antigenic pathogens into the body.
58
Immunisation process
The antigenic pathiogens dont harm the body(may cause minor side effects) but lead to anitbodies being produced.
Memory lymphocytes also produced
If pathogens of the same type eneter the body, a secondary immune repsonse is triggered.
59
Pros of immunisation
Epidemics can be prevented if large percentage of population is immunised.
Herd immunity
Some diseases can be virtually wiped out
60
Cons of immunisation
Sometimes it doesnt work
Sometimes have a bad reaction to a vaccine(rare)
61
Herd immunity
When people without immunisation are unlikely to catch the disease because there are fewer people to pass it on
62
Antibiotics are used to
Treat bacterial infections
63
Antibiotics only work on bacteria because
They inhibit processes in the bacteria but not the host organism
64
Example of process inhibition in bacteria caused by antibiotics
Some antibitoics lead to bacteria not beign abel to build cell walls, so cant divide and they die.
65
What are the aseptic techniques used to culture micororganisms in the laboratory
A growth medium containing nutrients such as agar jelly in a petri dish
Placed in autoclave first to kill microorganisms
Sterilise equipment by passing it through bunsen
45* rule
66
An antiseptic is
A substance that kills bacteria outside the body
67
Investigation of antibiotic eficacy on bacteria process
Place paper discs coated in different types of antibiotics in an agar plate
Bacteria will die around the antibiotic
A clear area called the inhibition zone will be left where the bacteria has died
Use a control to show that it is the antibiotic having the effect
68
How to calculate size of inhibition zone
Measure the radius(not diameter) and use pi x r^2
69
4 stages of developing medicines
Discovery
Development
Preclinical testing
Clinical testing
70
Preclinical testing includes
Tested on human cells and tissues in lab
Test drug on live animals to test eficacy, harmfulness, and the best dosage
71
Clinical testing includes
Tetsed on healthy volunteers to test for harmful side effects
Then tested on ill volunteers to find the optimum dose
Placebo tests:
Blind tests and double blind tests
72
Monoclonal antibodies are
Identical antibodies produced by lots of clones of a single B-lymphocyte
73
Process of making monoclonal antibodies
Animal is injected with the targeted antigen and a lymphocyte is extracted
Fast-dividing tumour(myeloma) cells are taken from a lab
The lymphocyte and tumour cells are fused together to make a hybridoma cell
The hybridoma cell divides quickly to produce lots of clones that produce the antibody
74
The uses of monoclonal antibodies
Pregnancy tests
Target cancer
Find blood clots
75
How do pregnancy tests use monoclonal antibodies process
The urination strip has antibodies with blue beads
The test strip has antibodies stuck onto it
If pregnant:
The hormone binds to the blue beaded antibodies
The urine moves up the stick, carrying the hromones and antibodies to the test strip
The beads and hormones bidn to the antibodies on the test strip
Test strip turns blue
If not pregnant:
The blue beads and antibodies dont have a hormone, so dont stick to the test strip antibodies
Test strip doesnt turn blue
76
How are monoclonal antibodies use for cancer diagnosis
Antibodies labelled with radioactive element
Travel trhough blood
Bidn to tumour markers in cancer cells
Imaqges are taken to detect radioactivity to detect tumour
77
How are monoclonal antibodies used for cancer treatment
Anti-cancer drug attached to antibody
Antibody connects to tumour markers
The drug works on the the cancer cells but not other cells
This makes the side effects minimal compared to radiotherapy and other drugs)
78
How are monoclonal antibodies used to fidn blood clots
The proteins in the blood are binded together
The antibodies bind to these proteins
The radioactive element labelled antibodies are injected and and image is used to detect any blood clot
79
Non-communicable dieases are caused by
Lifestyle factors such as diet and sedentary lifestyles
Other diseases
80
Different risk factors for non-communicable diseases
Smoking
Age and gender
Bad diet
Sedentary lifestyle
Alcohol
Obesity
81
Non-communicable diseases eg
Cancer
Liver and lung disease
CV disease
Obesity
82
Obesity and malnutrition main causes
Bad diet
Insufficient exercise
BMI
83
Liver disease main cause
Alcohol consumption:
The alcohol is broken down into toxic products
This can lead to permanent liver damage
84
CV disease main cause
Smoking:
Nicotine increases blood pressure
High blood pressure damages arteries
Higher isk of buildup leading to heart attack or stroke
Increased risk of blood clots
85
BMI =
Weight(kg) / Height(m)^2
86
Wasit to hip ratio =
Waist circumference / Hip circumference
87
3 ways of treating CV disease
Lifestyle changes
Drugs
Surgery
88
Lifestyle changes to treat CV disease
Healthy balanced diet
Lowered saturated fat
Exercise
89
Drugs to treat CV disease
Statins: Reduce cholesterol
Anticoagulants: Prevent blood clots
Antihypertensives: Reduce blood pressure
90
Surgical procedures to treat CV disease
Stents: Tubes put in artery to keep them open
Coronary bypass: Using healthy vessel to bypass blocked section
Donor heart: If heart is very unhealthy
