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Biology Edexcel ✅ > Topic 1 - Key Concepts > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Key Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus Function

A

Contains genetic material that controls the cell activity

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2
Q

Cell membrane function

A

Holds cell together and controls what goes in and out

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3
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Where respiration happens

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4
Q

Ribosomes function

A

Protein synthesis

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5
Q

Cytoplasm function

A

A gel-like substance where most chemical reactions happen. Contains enzymes

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6
Q

Cell wall function(plant)

A

Made of cellulose and supports and strengthens cell

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7
Q

Chloroplast function(plant)

A

Where photosynthesis occurs. Contain green chlorophyll that absorbs light for the reaction.

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8
Q

Vacuole function(plant)

A

Contains cell sap and maintains water levels

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9
Q

Chromosomal DNA(bacteria)

A

A single circular strand of DNA that floats freely carrying genes

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10
Q

Plasmid DNA(bacteria)

A

Small rings of DNA that carry genes to duplicate

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11
Q

Flagella(bacteria)

A

A tail that moves and is used to propel the bacteria forward

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12
Q

Eukaryote

A

An organism made up of multiple eukaryotic cells

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13
Q

Prokaryote

A

A single prokaryotic cell that makes up the organism(a single-celled organism)

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14
Q

Acrosome function(sperm cell)

A

Enzymes in the head of the sperm to break through the egg cell membrane

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15
Q

Haploid nucleus(egg and sperm cell)

A

The nucleus that contains 23 chromosomes and combines with the other cells nucleus to form a diploid nucleus.

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16
Q

Sperm cell mitochondria

A

Contains more to release rapid energy to get the egg cell

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17
Q

Sperm cell flagella

A

Used to move quickly towards the egg

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18
Q

Egg cell cytoplasm

A

Contains nutrients to provide for the embryo

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19
Q

Egg cell membrane

A

Changes once a sperm penetrates to not allow any more sperm to enter

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20
Q

Ciliated epithelial cells

A

Have hair like strucutres on the surface to move mucus up the respiratory tract

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21
Q

Light microscopes

A

Uses light and lenses to magnify. Can see individual cells and large sub-cellular structures

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22
Q

Electron microscopes

A

Use electrons to form and image. Much higher magnification. Can see smaller internal structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes.

23
Q

Resolution

A

Ability to distinguish between 2 points. Higher resolution means sharper image.

24
Q

Magnification=

A

Image size/Real size

25
Onion Cell practical
Prepare slide by peeling off a layer of onion and placing it on the slide on drop of water. Add iodine solution to stain the onion and maker it easier to disitnguish the cells. Use light microscope to focus on the onion and provide a clear image Use a sharp pencil to draw what is seen. Label the parts of the cell that can be seen.
26
Milli units
10 power -3
27
micro units
10 power -6
28
nano units
10 power -9
29
pico units
10 power -12
30
Substrate
Molecule changed in reaction
31
Active site
where substrate get jioned to enzyme to catalyse the reaction
32
Lock and key mechanism
If the substrate isnt perfect size for the enzyme, then it wont work and the reaction wont be catalysed.
33
Denaturing
When the active site changes shape and the enzyme can no longer catalyse reactions.
34
Temperatrue effect on enzyme activity
It increases rate at first, but if too hot, some bonds holding the enzyme together break and the enzyme denatures. All enzymes have an optimum temp.
35
pH effect on enzyme activity
If too high or too low, the active site changes and the enzyme gets denatured. all Enzymes have an optimum pH(often pH7)
36
Substrate concentration effect
The higher it is the faster the reaction due to a higher likelihood of an enzyme meeting the substrate. Only up to a point because if all active sites are full, rate of reaction cant increase any more.
37
Effect of pH on rate of reaction practical
Drop of iodine solution into spotting tile. Use bunsen to heat water to 35*C Use syringe to add 3cm3 of amylase solution and 1cm3 of a pH5 buffer solution to boiling tube and place boiling tube in water for 5 mins. Add 3cm3 of starch solution to boiling tube and start a stopclock whilest mixing. Every ten seconds, but a drop of solution in a well. Carry on until browny-orange. Repeat with different pH buffer solutions.
38
Rate of reaction for enzyme activity=
1000/Time
39
Carbohydrases enzymes
Converts carbs into simple sugars. Eg amylase breaks down starch.
40
Proteases enzymes
Convert protein into amino acids.
41
Lipases enzymes
Convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids.
42
Sugar test
Add BENEDICTS REAGENT to a sample and heat it in a 75*C water bath. Change from BLUE to BRICK RED.
43
Starch test
Add IODINE solution to sample. Should change from BROWNY-ORANGE to BLUE-BLACK,
44
Lipids test
Shake substance with ethanol for a min. Pour into water. If lipids present, then they will precipitate out of the liquid and show up as a milky liquid.
45
Protein test
Biuret test. Add potassium hydroxide to substance to make alkaline. Add copper(II) sulfate. If there is protein, it will go from BLUE to PURPLE.
46
Calorimetry
Burning food to see how much energy it contains
47
How to do calometry
Dry food works best Burn the food with a boiling tube of water above it. Measure starting temp and end temp of water once the food doesnt burn any more.
48
Energy in food(J) =
Mass of water(g) x Temp change of water(*C) x 4.2
49
Diffusion
The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
50
Osmosis
The net movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane froma region of higher conc. to a region of lower conc.
51
Active transport
Movement of particles across a membrane against a concentration gradient using energy transferred during respiration.
52
Osmosis practical
Pour different concentrations of sucrose solutions into containers Cut potato pieces of same size using a cork borer Weigh in groups of 3 then place a group in each sucrose solution conc. Leave for 40 mins hten remove and pat dry. Weigh again
53
Percentage change in mass =
([final mass - initial mass]/ initial mass)x100

Biology Edexcel ✅ (9 decks)

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