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GCSE Physics > Topic 6 - Waves > Flashcards

Topic 6 - Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 7 parts of the EM spectrum?

A

1.Gamma
2.X ray
3.UV
4.Visible
5.Infrared
6.Microwave
7.Radio

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2
Q

Where do gamma rays come from?

A

The changes in the nuclei of atoms

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3
Q

What is the EM spectrum?

A

A continuous spectrum of all the possible wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.

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4
Q

How are radio waves produced?

A
  1. Using an Alternating Current through a transmitter, which creates an oscillating electric/magnetic field.
  2. The oscillating EM fields emits radio waves.
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5
Q

How does an electron change energy levels?

A

If an atom absorbs energy, some of it’s electrons move to a higher energy level. When an electron falls back down, an EM wave is emitted

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6
Q

What are the primary colours of light?

A

RED
GREEN
BLUE
(RGB)

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7
Q

What are the secondary colours of light?

A

MAGENTA (B+R)
CYAN (G+B)
YELLOW (R+G)

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8
Q

How do filters work?

A

They absorb certain colours and only allow certain wavelengths(colours) of light to be transmitted, so the filter appears a certain colour.

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9
Q

What is infrared radiation emitted from?

A

Infrared radiation is emitted from hot objects

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10
Q

What is the relationship between colour, wavelength and temperature?

A

The longer the wavelength the lower the temperature and vice versa.

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11
Q

What is a black body?

A

A black body is defined as a body that absorbs all the radiation incident upon it, and also emits radiation very well.

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12
Q

What are the similarities between EM waves?

A
  1. Can be reflected, transmitted or defracted
  2. All transverse
  3. Travel at the speed of light
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13
Q

How is long wave radio able to be received across long distances?

A
  1. 1-10km wavelength, so it can diffract around the earth and objects in the way of receiver.
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14
Q

How does short wave radio get around the earth?

A

Wavelength of 10-100m so it bounces between earth and ionosphere.

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15
Q

What type of lenses are in converging and diverging lenses?

A
  1. Convex
  2. Concave
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16
Q

What is a real image?

A

An image which can be formed on a screen, when light rays come together to form an image.

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17
Q

What is a virtual image?

A

Cannot be formed on a screen, when light rays diverge away from eachother

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18
Q

How do we describe an image in a ray diagram?

A
  1. Erect or inverted
  2. Same size or magnified or shrunk
  3. Real or virtual
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19
Q

How can we measure the speed of sound in air?

A
  1. Set up a speaker connected to a signal generator, and 2 microphones connected to an oscilloscope
  2. Set frequency to around 1kHz
  3. Move one microphone until the waves align with eachother on the oscilloscope, the microphones will be 1 wavelength apart
  4. Use velocity = frequency x wavelength
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20
Q

How do we calculate the speed of a wave in a string?

A
  1. Setup a vibration generator connected with a signal generator. The vibration generator should vibrate a string which is connected to some across a bridge weights to keep tension.
  2. Switch on vibration generator
  3. Move bridge until clear wave pattern appears
    4.use a metre ruler to measure across as many half wavelengths as possible
  4. Divide the total length by the number of half waves, x by 2 to get 1 wavelength
  5. calculate wavespeed
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21
Q

What are transverse waves?

A

Particles oscillate perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer

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22
Q

What is amplitude?

A

The maximum displacement from equilibrium

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23
Q

What is wavelength?

A

The distance in metres between 2 consecutive points on a wave

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24
Q

What are longditanal waves?

A

The particles oscillate parallel to the direction of the energy transfer.

25
Q

What are the 2 parts of a longtidanal wave?

A
  1. compression - where the particles are close together
  2. Rarefactions - where the particles are far apart
26
Q

What is the equation for the period of a wave?

A

period = 1/frequency

T = 1/f

27
Q

What is a period of a wave?

A

time it takes for 1 complete wave

28
Q

What is the equation for wavespeed?

A

wavespeed = frequency x wavelength

v = f x λ

29
Q

What does diffraction mean?

A

Spreading out of a wave as it passes through a gap(aperture)

30
Q

What are the 2 types of reflection?

A
  1. specular reflection - where waves are all reflected in the same direction
  2. diffuse reflection - where the reflection is scattered
31
Q

What is the law of reflection?

A

Angle of incidence = angle of reflection

32
Q

What is refraction?

A

The apparent bending of a wave when it enters a different material

33
Q

What is the refractive index?

A
  1. Tells us how much a material will refract light
  2. The greater the refractive index, the more the refraction
34
Q

How are radio waves received?

A
  1. The radio waves are absorbed by a receiver
  2. The energy from the wave is transferred to the electrons in the receiver
  3. The energy causes the electrons to oscillate, and if in a complete circuit, creates an AC of the same frequency of the radio wave
35
Q

What is flourescense?

A

A property of certain chemicals, where UV radioation is absorbed and then visbile light is emitted

36
Q

How do flourescent lights work?

A

1.They generate UV radiation
2.This is absorbed and re-emitted as visible light by a layer of phosphor.
3.These are very energy efficient

37
Q

What are the uses of UV?

A

1.fluorescence
2.Fluorescent lights
3.Security pens
4.Tanning

38
Q

What are the uses of microwaves?

A

1.Microwave ovens
2.communicating with satellites

39
Q

What are the uses of visible light?

A

1.It lets you see…
2.And is used in fibre optic cables

40
Q

What are the uses of X-rays?

A

1.Radiography
2.Radiotherapy

41
Q

How do x-ray images work?

A

1.X-rays can more easily pass through flesh, but are absorbed by denser things like bones

42
Q

What are the uses of gamma rays?

.

A

1.Radiotherapy
2.Medical tracers

43
Q

What does ionising mean?

A

When the radiation has enough energy to knock electrons off atoms

44
Q

how can we measure the speed of waves in water?

A

1.Use a signal generator attached to the dipper of a ripple tank to create waves at a specific frequency
2.PLace a lamp above the tank, so u can see the wave crests on a screen beneath the tank.
3.Measure the distance between shadow lines that are 10 wavelengths apart
4.Divide this by 10 to find the wavelength
5.use velocity = wavelength x frequency to find wave speed

45
Q

What are the 3 rules of refraction in convex(converging) lenses?

A

1.An incident ray parallel to the axis refracts through the lens and passes through the principal focus on the other side
2.An incident ray passing through the principal focus refracts through the lens and travels parallel to the axis
3.An incident ray passing through the centre of the lens carries on in the same direction.

46
Q

What are the 3 rules of refraction in concave (diverging) lenses?

A

1.An incident ray parallel to the axis refracts through the lens, and travels in line with the principal focus.
2.An incident ray passing throuigh the lens towards the principal focus refracts and travels parallel to the axis.
3.An incident ray passing through the centre of the lens carries on in the same direction

47
Q

How can we investigate IR emission with a Leslie cube?

A
  1. Place an empty leslie cube on a heat proff mat
  2. Boil water and fill the leslie cube
  3. Wait a 1 min for the cube to warm up
  4. place an infrared detector 10cm away from each side and record the amount of IR detected
  5. More radiation should be detected from the black/matt surfaces than the shiny and white ones
  6. repeat to ensure the results are repeatable

DONT BURN

48
Q

What is intensity?

A

Power per unit area

49
Q

What type of wave is sound?

A

longditudanal

50
Q

How does sound travel through a solid?

A

1.Particles vibrate
2.These then hit the next particles, passing the vibration along and the sound wave

51
Q

How does the ear work/

A

1.Sound waves cause the ear drum to vibrate
2.These vibrations are passed on to ossicles through the semicitcular canals and to the cochlea
3.The cochlea turns the vibrations into electrical signals, which travel along the auditory nerve to the brain

52
Q

What is ultrasound?

A

sound of frequency >20kHz

52
Q

What is the range of human hearing?

A

1.20Hz - 20kHz

53
Q

What happens when sound waves enter a different medium?

A

1.They refract
2.They speed up in denser materials, and slow down in less dense as its wavelength changes, but it’s frequency must stay the same, so velocity changes.

54
Q

What is ultrasound used for?

A

1.Medical imaging
2.Industrial imaging
3.sonar

55
Q

How does ultrasound for medical imaging work?

A

1.Ultrasound waves pass through the body, but when they hit another medium, some is reflected back
2.THis is detected, and the exact timing and distribution of the echo is processed and forms an image

56
Q

How can ultrasound be used to detect flaws in materials?

A

1.Ultrasound waves entering a material will usually only be reflected by the far side of the material, as that is where the change in medium is
2.If there is a flaw, such as a crack, some of the ultrasound will be reflected sooner, showing us the crack

57
Q

Go check out s-waves and p-waves for me

A

I am lost on it - let’s see if you can understand

i beg u do

your test is soon

GCSE Physics (9 decks)

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