Topic 6: Type II Diabetes mellitus, taste buds & phytomedicines Flashcards
1
Q
Islets of Langerhans
A
- located in pancreas
- contain clusters of endocrine cells including beta cells
- beta cells (B cells) produce insulin
2
Q
Diabetes Mellitus
A
- elevation of blood glucose levels
- type 1 diabetes mellitus makes up about 10% of diabetes in USA
- type 2 diabetes mellitus makes up about 90% of diabetes in USA
3
Q
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus`
A
- pancreas no longer produces insulin
- aka juvenile onset diabetes mellitus and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
4
Q
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
A
- pancreas produces insulin, but body tissues (muscle, fat, etc) are resistant to the action of insulin
- aka adult onset diabetes mellitus or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
5
Q
Insulin-sensitive Tissues
A
- muscle
- adipose
- liver
6
Q
Insulin-sensitive Tissues (Muscle)
A
- insulin acts to enhance glucose transport across cell membrane
- store glucose as glycogen to provide energy source for muscle
7
Q
Insulin-sensitive Tissues (Adipose)
A
- insulin acts to enhance glucose transport across cell membrane and inhibit breakdown of stored triglyceride
- store triglyceride as the major source of energy in the absence of food
8
Q
Insulin-sensitive Tissues (Liver)
A
- insulin acts to modulate activity of bidirectional enzymatic steps to regulate substrate flow
- carries out biosynthetic functions in response to food; only source of glucose for CNS in absence of food
9
Q
Insulin Resistance
A
- associated with visceral obesity
- abnormal fatty acid metabolism that leads to lipid deposition in muscle and liver with reduction of insulin sensitivity in these tissues
- the increased insulin resistance is compensated by the B cells in the pancreas to produce higher levels of insulin to overcome the insulin resistance
- individuals with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and normal glucose can develop syndrome X (metabolic X syndrome)
10
Q
Syndrome X / Metabolic Syndrome
A
- cluster of metabolic abnormalities secondary to insulin resistance and elevated insulin resistance and elevated insulin even though blood glucose levels remain normal:
- high triglycerides
- low HDL cholesterol
- high blood clotting
- high blood pressure
- high coronary artery disease
11
Q
Type 2 Diabetes
A
- resistance to action of insulin
- when compensatory ability of pancreas to increase insulin production can no longer overcome the insulin resistance, the blood glucose levels rise and person develops Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- hyperglycemia develops when the pancreas can not secrete enough insulin to compensate for the insulin resistance
12
Q
Galega officinalis (Overview)
A
- in Fabaceae
- common name: goat’s rue
- geography: Europe to Iran
- Habitat: herb on forest floor, open fields
- plant parts used: aerial parts
- ethnomedical use: type 2 diabetes mellitus
13
Q
Galega officinalis (Chemistry)
A
- active compounds: galegine, phenformin
- chemical derivative: phenformin -> metformin
- mech of action: reduction of insulin resistance
- modern med use: type 2 diabetes mellitus
14
Q
Tx for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
A
metformin (glucophage) derived from phenformin extracted from Galega officinalis from Europe through mechanism of reducing insulin resistance
15
Q
Herbal Tx for Reducing Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
A
- Larrea tridentata (creosote bush) from southwest USA and northwest Mexico
- Mormordica charantia (bitter melon) from Asia
- Cinnamomum verum (C. zeylanicum) (cinnamon) from Asia
- Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) from Europe
- Camellia sinensis (tea) from Asia
- Coffea arabica (coffee) from northeastern AFrica
- Vernonia amygdala (bitter leaf) from West Africa
16
Q
Larrea tridentata (Overview)
A
- in Sygophyllaceae
- common names: creosote bush
- geography and habitat: deserts of SW North America
- ethnomedical use: type 2 diabetes mellitus, kidney disease
- active ingredient: masoprocol
17
Q
Larrea tridentata (Experimental Biology)
A
-type 2 diabetic rat tx with masoprocol ->
low serum glucose
low insulin
low FFA
-fructose-induced hypertensive rat tx with masoprocol -> low blood pressure
18
Q
Momordica charantia
A
- in Cucurbitaceae
- common name: bitter melon, bitter cucumber
- ethnomedical use: fruit extract taken orally to tx type 2 diabetes mellitus
- modern medical use: fruit extract taken orally to tx type 2 diabetes mellitus
19
Q
Hypericum perforatum (Overview)
A
-in Hypericaeae
-geography: Eurasia, naturalized in North America
-habit/habitat: herb in open fields, along forest borders
-ethnomedical use: all parts of plant are taken:
orally for depression
topically as a wound healing
orally for type 2 diabetes mellitus
20
Q
Hypericum perforatum (Chemistry)
A
- active compounds: hyperforin (antidepressant, antidiabetic), hypericin (wound healing)
- mech of action of hyperforin: inhibits serotonin re-uptake to treat derpression, reduces insulin resistance to treat type 2 diabetes
- drug-herb interactions: hyperforin may effect levels of certain drugs metabolized by liver (e.g., cyclosporin), female birth control pills
21
Q
Vernonia amygdala
A
- from West Africa
- common name: bitter leaf
- uses: leaf eaten as food, tonic, and to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus by reducing insulin resistance
22
Q
Morinda citrifolia
A
- noni, nono
- plant family : Rubiaceae
- geographical origin: SE asia
- ethnobotanical use: fruit used to treat type 2 diabetes melliuts, arthritis, and is applied topically to treat skin boils
23
Q
Opuntia basileris
A
- in Cactaceae
- common names: prickly pear cactus, beaver tail, nopale
- geography: mexico, SW USA
- habit/habitat: desert; succulent spined cactus
- ethnomedical use: pad-shaped stems taken orally by indigenous groups to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus
- mechanism of action: reduces sugar absorption by the intestine
- modern medical use: type 2 diabetes mellitus
24
Q
Gymnema sylvestre
A
- geographical origin: India
- common name: gudmar
- ethnomedical use: used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus for over two thousand years in India
- active molecules: gymnemic acids
- mechanism of action: when leaves are chewed, the ability of hte taste buds to perceive sweetness is diminished which reduces appetite and treats type 2 diabetes mellitus
25
Q
Synsepalum dulcificum (Overview)
A
- geographical origin: west africa
- plant family: Sapotaceae
- common name: agbayun, miracle fruit
- ethnomedical use:
- active molecule: miraculin whcih is a glycoprotein with trailing carbohydrate chains
- therapeutic use: ability of the fruit to turn non-sweet acideic foods into tasting sweet without a caloric penalty; used by some type 2 diabetics
26
Q
Synsepalum dulcificum (Chemistry)
A
- chewing on the fruit increases the perceived sweetness of foods and causes sour foods to taste very sweet
- works by influencing hte shape of sweetness receptors
- at a pH of 4.8 sweet tasting cells respond twice as vigorously to miraculin as they do at a pH of 5.7
- at pH levels of 6.7 or higher, the protein seems to only slightly shift spahe of sweetness receptors, blocking but not activating them
27
Q
Stevia rebaudiana
A
- geographical origin: South America
- plant family: Asteraceae
- common names: sweet leaf, sugar leaf
- active molecule: steviol glycoside
- mechanism of action: non-caloric sweetener
- therapeutic use: ability of leaves to turn non-sweet foods into sweet foods without a caloric penalty; used by some type 2 diabetics
28
Q
Thaumatococcus daniellii
A
- geographical origin: West Africa
- plant family: Marantaceae
- active molecule: thaumatin, a protein that is intensely sweet
- mechanism of action: protein which is sweet
- therapeutic use: ability of the fruit to turn non-sweet foods into sweet foods without a caloric penalty; used by some type 2 diabetics
