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IB 117 > Topic 6: Type II Diabetes mellitus, taste buds & phytomedicines > Flashcards

Topic 6: Type II Diabetes mellitus, taste buds & phytomedicines Flashcards

1
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A
  • located in pancreas
  • contain clusters of endocrine cells including beta cells
  • beta cells (B cells) produce insulin
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2
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • elevation of blood glucose levels
  • type 1 diabetes mellitus makes up about 10% of diabetes in USA
  • type 2 diabetes mellitus makes up about 90% of diabetes in USA
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3
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus`

A
  • pancreas no longer produces insulin

- aka juvenile onset diabetes mellitus and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

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4
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • pancreas produces insulin, but body tissues (muscle, fat, etc) are resistant to the action of insulin
  • aka adult onset diabetes mellitus or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
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5
Q

Insulin-sensitive Tissues

A
  • muscle
  • adipose
  • liver
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6
Q

Insulin-sensitive Tissues (Muscle)

A
  • insulin acts to enhance glucose transport across cell membrane
  • store glucose as glycogen to provide energy source for muscle
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7
Q

Insulin-sensitive Tissues (Adipose)

A
  • insulin acts to enhance glucose transport across cell membrane and inhibit breakdown of stored triglyceride
  • store triglyceride as the major source of energy in the absence of food
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8
Q

Insulin-sensitive Tissues (Liver)

A
  • insulin acts to modulate activity of bidirectional enzymatic steps to regulate substrate flow
  • carries out biosynthetic functions in response to food; only source of glucose for CNS in absence of food
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9
Q

Insulin Resistance

A
  • associated with visceral obesity
  • abnormal fatty acid metabolism that leads to lipid deposition in muscle and liver with reduction of insulin sensitivity in these tissues
  • the increased insulin resistance is compensated by the B cells in the pancreas to produce higher levels of insulin to overcome the insulin resistance
  • individuals with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and normal glucose can develop syndrome X (metabolic X syndrome)
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10
Q

Syndrome X / Metabolic Syndrome

A
  • cluster of metabolic abnormalities secondary to insulin resistance and elevated insulin resistance and elevated insulin even though blood glucose levels remain normal:
  • high triglycerides
  • low HDL cholesterol
  • high blood clotting
  • high blood pressure
  • high coronary artery disease
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11
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A
  • resistance to action of insulin
  • when compensatory ability of pancreas to increase insulin production can no longer overcome the insulin resistance, the blood glucose levels rise and person develops Type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • hyperglycemia develops when the pancreas can not secrete enough insulin to compensate for the insulin resistance
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12
Q

Galega officinalis (Overview)

A
  • in Fabaceae
  • common name: goat’s rue
  • geography: Europe to Iran
  • Habitat: herb on forest floor, open fields
  • plant parts used: aerial parts
  • ethnomedical use: type 2 diabetes mellitus
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13
Q

Galega officinalis (Chemistry)

A
  • active compounds: galegine, phenformin
  • chemical derivative: phenformin -> metformin
  • mech of action: reduction of insulin resistance
  • modern med use: type 2 diabetes mellitus
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14
Q

Tx for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A

metformin (glucophage) derived from phenformin extracted from Galega officinalis from Europe through mechanism of reducing insulin resistance

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15
Q

Herbal Tx for Reducing Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • Larrea tridentata (creosote bush) from southwest USA and northwest Mexico
  • Mormordica charantia (bitter melon) from Asia
  • Cinnamomum verum (C. zeylanicum) (cinnamon) from Asia
  • Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) from Europe
  • Camellia sinensis (tea) from Asia
  • Coffea arabica (coffee) from northeastern AFrica
  • Vernonia amygdala (bitter leaf) from West Africa
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16
Q

Larrea tridentata (Overview)

A
  • in Sygophyllaceae
  • common names: creosote bush
  • geography and habitat: deserts of SW North America
  • ethnomedical use: type 2 diabetes mellitus, kidney disease
  • active ingredient: masoprocol
17
Q

Larrea tridentata (Experimental Biology)

A

-type 2 diabetic rat tx with masoprocol ->
low serum glucose
low insulin
low FFA
-fructose-induced hypertensive rat tx with masoprocol -> low blood pressure

18
Q

Momordica charantia

A
  • in Cucurbitaceae
  • common name: bitter melon, bitter cucumber
  • ethnomedical use: fruit extract taken orally to tx type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • modern medical use: fruit extract taken orally to tx type 2 diabetes mellitus
19
Q

Hypericum perforatum (Overview)

A

-in Hypericaeae
-geography: Eurasia, naturalized in North America
-habit/habitat: herb in open fields, along forest borders
-ethnomedical use: all parts of plant are taken:
orally for depression
topically as a wound healing
orally for type 2 diabetes mellitus

20
Q

Hypericum perforatum (Chemistry)

A
  • active compounds: hyperforin (antidepressant, antidiabetic), hypericin (wound healing)
  • mech of action of hyperforin: inhibits serotonin re-uptake to treat derpression, reduces insulin resistance to treat type 2 diabetes
  • drug-herb interactions: hyperforin may effect levels of certain drugs metabolized by liver (e.g., cyclosporin), female birth control pills
21
Q

Vernonia amygdala

A
  • from West Africa
  • common name: bitter leaf
  • uses: leaf eaten as food, tonic, and to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus by reducing insulin resistance
22
Q

Morinda citrifolia

A
  • noni, nono
  • plant family : Rubiaceae
  • geographical origin: SE asia
  • ethnobotanical use: fruit used to treat type 2 diabetes melliuts, arthritis, and is applied topically to treat skin boils
23
Q

Opuntia basileris

A
  • in Cactaceae
  • common names: prickly pear cactus, beaver tail, nopale
  • geography: mexico, SW USA
  • habit/habitat: desert; succulent spined cactus
  • ethnomedical use: pad-shaped stems taken orally by indigenous groups to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • mechanism of action: reduces sugar absorption by the intestine
  • modern medical use: type 2 diabetes mellitus
24
Q

Gymnema sylvestre

A
  • geographical origin: India
  • common name: gudmar
  • ethnomedical use: used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus for over two thousand years in India
  • active molecules: gymnemic acids
  • mechanism of action: when leaves are chewed, the ability of hte taste buds to perceive sweetness is diminished which reduces appetite and treats type 2 diabetes mellitus
25
Q

Synsepalum dulcificum (Overview)

A
  • geographical origin: west africa
  • plant family: Sapotaceae
  • common name: agbayun, miracle fruit
  • ethnomedical use:
  • active molecule: miraculin whcih is a glycoprotein with trailing carbohydrate chains
  • therapeutic use: ability of the fruit to turn non-sweet acideic foods into tasting sweet without a caloric penalty; used by some type 2 diabetics
26
Q

Synsepalum dulcificum (Chemistry)

A
  • chewing on the fruit increases the perceived sweetness of foods and causes sour foods to taste very sweet
  • works by influencing hte shape of sweetness receptors
  • at a pH of 4.8 sweet tasting cells respond twice as vigorously to miraculin as they do at a pH of 5.7
  • at pH levels of 6.7 or higher, the protein seems to only slightly shift spahe of sweetness receptors, blocking but not activating them
27
Q

Stevia rebaudiana

A
  • geographical origin: South America
  • plant family: Asteraceae
  • common names: sweet leaf, sugar leaf
  • active molecule: steviol glycoside
  • mechanism of action: non-caloric sweetener
  • therapeutic use: ability of leaves to turn non-sweet foods into sweet foods without a caloric penalty; used by some type 2 diabetics
28
Q

Thaumatococcus daniellii

A
  • geographical origin: West Africa
  • plant family: Marantaceae
  • active molecule: thaumatin, a protein that is intensely sweet
  • mechanism of action: protein which is sweet
  • therapeutic use: ability of the fruit to turn non-sweet foods into sweet foods without a caloric penalty; used by some type 2 diabetics

IB 117 (9 decks)

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