Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

IB 117 > Topic 3: Emetics, Dementia, Analgesic > Flashcards

Topic 3: Emetics, Dementia, Analgesic Flashcards

1
Q

Emetic Response in the Brain

A

The emesis (vomiting) response is centered in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in the medulla of the brainstem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neurotransmitters that mediate the emetic response

A

dopamine and serotonin. mediate the emetic signals and motor reflexes in the stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ipecac (psychotria ipecacuanha)

A

Common name: ipecac, ipecacuanha, Brazil root
Geography: rainforest tree in Brazil
Ethnomedical Use: emetic, expectorant, intestinal amoebas
Active compounds: emetine, cephaeline, emetamine
Chemical Class:alkaloid
Chemical derivatives: dihydroemetine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ipecac Mechanism of action

A

effect on the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla of the brainstem.
local, direct irritation on the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ipecac modern medical uses

A

emetine and dihyroemetine:
emetic- vomiting
amoebicide ( treats entamoeba histolytica)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Alzheimer’s Dementia histopathology

A

death and disappearance of nerve cells in cerebral cortex.
Clusters of thickened neuritic plaques are seen in the brain cortex.
suspected association with free radical mediated excessive lipid peroxidation & cell damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Alzheimer’s Dementia clincal (symptoms, etc. )

A
  • most common cause of dementia in the elderly.
  • most important neurological degenerative disease
  • usually develops gradually over 10 or more years
  • memory loss
  • psychiatric disturbances e.g. depression, delusions, hallucination
  • patient may eventually loose the ability to move, think and speak
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Oxidation

A

to cause an element or radical to combine with oxygen or to lose electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

free radicals

A

molecules with the power to oxidize. They are oxidants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Free radical scavengers

A

endogenous or exogenous molecules that chemically neutralize the oxidative effects of free radicals. Are antioxidants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Molecules that reduce dementia

A 
ginkgo biloba
leafy green vegetables
blueberries (berries in general) 
caffeine
Omega-3 fatty acids (walnuts, hemp seeds, flax seeds, kiwi, fruit, salmon)
folic acid (oranges, spinach)
Vitamin E
Rivastigmine
curcumin
cannabis sativa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ginkgo Biloba

A

Common name: ginkgo
Geography: tree native to China, cultivated all over today
Ethnomedical Use: senility, recovery from stroke, enhancement of mental functioning, brain ‘tonic’, enhance blood supply to whole body, treats peripheral vascular disease
Active compounds: ginkgolides, terpenoids (organic acids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ginkgo Mechanism of Action

A
  • enhance cerebral and general body circulation.
  • free radical scavengers (antioxidants) that inhibit lipid peroxide formation and cell damage.(flavanoids and terpenoids)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ginkgo Modern medical uses

A
  • Alzheimer’s
  • senitlity
  • enhancement of mental functioning
  • peripheral vascular disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Blueberries

A

Vaccinium corymbosum- originiated in E. USA
Vaccinium angustifolium- originated in N.E. North America

help reduce the development of Alzheimer’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Caffeine and Dementia

A

Reduces development of dementia by blockade of adenosine receptors in the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Caffeine Sources

A

coffee robusta- coffee
camellia sinesis- tea
theobroma cacoa- chocolate
cola acuminata- cola nut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

curcumin (tumeric)

A 
Curcuma longa
Geography: India
Ethnomedical Use: cooking, topically to treat infections and to enhance brain functioning 
Active compounds: curcumin 
Chemical Class: polyphenolic molecule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rivastigmine

A
  • Derived from physostigmine
  • used to treat Alzheimer’s
  • Seed from Physostigmus veneosum
  • inhibits acetylcholinesterase which results in increased levels of acetylcholine in the CNS
  • taken as a pill or skin patch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cannabis Sativa

A

Common name: marijuana
Geography: Asia, open sunlight
Ethnomedical Use: used for 1000s of years for anti inflammatory, analgesic, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, nausea, anti emetic, appetite stimulant, glaucoma
Active compounds: THC

20
Q

Cannabis Sativa

A

Common name: marijuana
Geography: Asia, open sunlight
Ethnomedical Use: used for 1000s of years for anti inflammatory, analgesic, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, nausea, anti emetic, appetite stimulant, glaucoma
Active compounds: THC

21
Q

Cannabis Sativa and Dementia

A

Reduction in the development of memory loss and other symptoms of Alzheimer’s

21
Q

Cannabis Sativa and Dementia

A

Reduction in the development of memory loss and other symptoms of Alzheimer’s

22
Q

THC

A

tetrahydrocannabinol

marinol and dronabinol are pharmaceuticals derived from THC and nabilone is a chemical derivative.

22
THC
tetrahydrocannabinol | marinol and dronabinol are pharmaceuticals derived from THC and nabilone is a chemical derivative.
23
Therapeutic Benefits of THC
ease moderate pain and is neuroprotective which can reduce the risk of dementia.
23
Therapeutic Benefits of THC
ease moderate pain and is neuroprotective which can reduce the risk of dementia.
24
Cannabidiol (CBD)
- from cannabis sativa - treats anxiety, seizures, and nausea - major constituent of the plant aside from THC
24
Cannabidiol (CBD)
- from cannabis sativa - treats anxiety, seizures, and nausea - major constituent of the plant aside from THC
25
Cannabinoid receptors
CB1: central. brain cortex, hippocanthus, striatum and cerebellum CB2: peripheral. exogenous THC has nearly the same effect on both.
25
Cannabinoid receptors
CB1: central. brain cortex, hippocanthus, striatum and cerebellum CB2: peripheral. exogenous THC has nearly the same effect on both.
26
Endogenous cannabinoid molecules
anadamide- a brain lipid, binds to CB1 and is derived from arachidonic acid palmitylethanolamide- binds to CB2
26
Endogenous cannabinoid molecules
anadamide- a brain lipid, binds to CB1 and is derived from arachidonic acid palmitylethanolamide- binds to CB2
27
Cannabis Sativa Therapeutic uses
``` anti nausea anti emetic appetite stimulant analgesic glaucoma muscle relaxant anti convulsant ```
27
Cannabis Sativa Therapeutic uses
``` anti nausea anti emetic appetite stimulant analgesic glaucoma muscle relaxant anti convulsant ```
28
Chocolate (theobroma cacao)
contains three unsaturated N-acylethanolamine lipids: N-oleoyethanolamine N-linoleoylethanolamine Anandamide The first two inhibit anandamide hydrolysis. All three may mimic cannabinoids by activating the receptors or increasing anandamide levels.
28
Chocolate (theobroma cacao)
contains three unsaturated N-acylethanolamine lipids: N-oleoyethanolamine N-linoleoylethanolamine Anandamide The first two inhibit anandamide hydrolysis. All three may mimic cannabinoids by activating the receptors or increasing anandamide levels.
29
Papaver Sominoferum (opium)
Common name: opium Geography: W. Mediterranean & Near East Ethnomedical Use: analgesic, inebriate, hypnotic, diarrhea, cough
30
Papaver somniferum botanical extracts
tincture of opium | paregoric of opium (opium with camphor oil, anise oil and benzoic acid)
31
Opium active compounds
- 20 alkaloids - morphine, morphine sulfate, morphine HCl - codeine, codeine sulfate, codeine phosphate - thebaine - narceine - papverine
32
Opium chemical derivatives
morphine--> heroine thebaine--> naloxone papaverine--> verapamil
33
Morphine derivatives
codeine heroin dihydromorphone hydromorphone
34
Thebaine derivatives
naloxone hydrocodone (vicodin) oxycontin
35
synthetic opiates
meperidine- fast acting proproxyphene fentanyl- 100x more potent than morphine, fast acting, short half life methadone- weak agonist which is taken orally to treat people who are opiate addicts.
36
Papaver sominferum mechanism of action
inhibition of the release of substance P-- is associated with the relief of pain
37
Endogenous opiates
opiopeptins; including beta-endorphins and enkephalins which bind to the same receptors as morphine (opiate receptors) and other exogenous opiates
38
Papaver Sominferum (opium) Uses
morphine: analgesic Codeine: analgesic, anti tussive (codeine can be metabolized into morphine) noscapine: anti tussive (cough) naloxone: treats morphine overdose. agonist that binds to receptors and outcompetes the binding of stronger agonists, resulting in an antagonistic effect. papaverine: vasodilator, smooth muscle relaxant. verapamil: vasodilator, treats hypertension and tachyarrhythmia
39
Opiate Addiction and dopamine
There is evidence for interaction between opioids and dopamine pathways through stimulation of nucleus accumbens in the dopamine pathway. This mediates opioid-induced reward and addiction.
40
demorphine
derived from secretions off the back of South American frogs. Natural hepta-peptide that is a natural opioid with high potency(30-40x more potent than morphine) and selectivity to mu opioid receptors. Less likely to produce drug tolerance and addiction

IB 117 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions