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IB 117 > Topic 3: Emetics, Dementia, Analgesic > Flashcards

Topic 3: Emetics, Dementia, Analgesic Flashcards

1
Q

Emetic Response in the Brain

A

The emesis (vomiting) response is centered in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in the medulla of the brainstem.

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2
Q

Neurotransmitters that mediate the emetic response

A

dopamine and serotonin. mediate the emetic signals and motor reflexes in the stomach.

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3
Q

Ipecac (psychotria ipecacuanha)

A

Common name: ipecac, ipecacuanha, Brazil root
Geography: rainforest tree in Brazil
Ethnomedical Use: emetic, expectorant, intestinal amoebas
Active compounds: emetine, cephaeline, emetamine
Chemical Class:alkaloid
Chemical derivatives: dihydroemetine

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4
Q

Ipecac Mechanism of action

A

effect on the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla of the brainstem.
local, direct irritation on the GI tract

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5
Q

Ipecac modern medical uses

A

emetine and dihyroemetine:
emetic- vomiting
amoebicide ( treats entamoeba histolytica)

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6
Q

Alzheimer’s Dementia histopathology

A

death and disappearance of nerve cells in cerebral cortex.
Clusters of thickened neuritic plaques are seen in the brain cortex.
suspected association with free radical mediated excessive lipid peroxidation & cell damage.

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7
Q

Alzheimer’s Dementia clincal (symptoms, etc. )

A
  • most common cause of dementia in the elderly.
  • most important neurological degenerative disease
  • usually develops gradually over 10 or more years
  • memory loss
  • psychiatric disturbances e.g. depression, delusions, hallucination
  • patient may eventually loose the ability to move, think and speak
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8
Q

Oxidation

A

to cause an element or radical to combine with oxygen or to lose electrons.

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9
Q

free radicals

A

molecules with the power to oxidize. They are oxidants.

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10
Q

Free radical scavengers

A

endogenous or exogenous molecules that chemically neutralize the oxidative effects of free radicals. Are antioxidants

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11
Q

Molecules that reduce dementia

A 
ginkgo biloba
leafy green vegetables
blueberries (berries in general) 
caffeine
Omega-3 fatty acids (walnuts, hemp seeds, flax seeds, kiwi, fruit, salmon)
folic acid (oranges, spinach)
Vitamin E
Rivastigmine
curcumin
cannabis sativa
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12
Q

Ginkgo Biloba

A

Common name: ginkgo
Geography: tree native to China, cultivated all over today
Ethnomedical Use: senility, recovery from stroke, enhancement of mental functioning, brain ‘tonic’, enhance blood supply to whole body, treats peripheral vascular disease
Active compounds: ginkgolides, terpenoids (organic acids)

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13
Q

Ginkgo Mechanism of Action

A
  • enhance cerebral and general body circulation.
  • free radical scavengers (antioxidants) that inhibit lipid peroxide formation and cell damage.(flavanoids and terpenoids)
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14
Q

Ginkgo Modern medical uses

A
  • Alzheimer’s
  • senitlity
  • enhancement of mental functioning
  • peripheral vascular disease
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15
Q

Blueberries

A

Vaccinium corymbosum- originiated in E. USA
Vaccinium angustifolium- originated in N.E. North America

help reduce the development of Alzheimer’s disease

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16
Q

Caffeine and Dementia

A

Reduces development of dementia by blockade of adenosine receptors in the brain.

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17
Q

Caffeine Sources

A

coffee robusta- coffee
camellia sinesis- tea
theobroma cacoa- chocolate
cola acuminata- cola nut

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18
Q

curcumin (tumeric)

A 
Curcuma longa
Geography: India
Ethnomedical Use: cooking, topically to treat infections and to enhance brain functioning 
Active compounds: curcumin 
Chemical Class: polyphenolic molecule
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19
Q

Rivastigmine

A
  • Derived from physostigmine
  • used to treat Alzheimer’s
  • Seed from Physostigmus veneosum
  • inhibits acetylcholinesterase which results in increased levels of acetylcholine in the CNS
  • taken as a pill or skin patch
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20
Q

Cannabis Sativa

A

Common name: marijuana
Geography: Asia, open sunlight
Ethnomedical Use: used for 1000s of years for anti inflammatory, analgesic, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, nausea, anti emetic, appetite stimulant, glaucoma
Active compounds: THC

20
Q

Cannabis Sativa

A

Common name: marijuana
Geography: Asia, open sunlight
Ethnomedical Use: used for 1000s of years for anti inflammatory, analgesic, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, nausea, anti emetic, appetite stimulant, glaucoma
Active compounds: THC

21
Q

Cannabis Sativa and Dementia

A

Reduction in the development of memory loss and other symptoms of Alzheimer’s

21
Q

Cannabis Sativa and Dementia

A

Reduction in the development of memory loss and other symptoms of Alzheimer’s

22
Q

THC

A

tetrahydrocannabinol

marinol and dronabinol are pharmaceuticals derived from THC and nabilone is a chemical derivative.

22
Q

THC

A

tetrahydrocannabinol

marinol and dronabinol are pharmaceuticals derived from THC and nabilone is a chemical derivative.

23
Q

Therapeutic Benefits of THC

A

ease moderate pain and is neuroprotective which can reduce the risk of dementia.

23
Q

Therapeutic Benefits of THC

A

ease moderate pain and is neuroprotective which can reduce the risk of dementia.

24
Q

Cannabidiol (CBD)

A
  • from cannabis sativa
  • treats anxiety, seizures, and nausea
  • major constituent of the plant aside from THC
24
Q

Cannabidiol (CBD)

A
  • from cannabis sativa
  • treats anxiety, seizures, and nausea
  • major constituent of the plant aside from THC
25
Q

Cannabinoid receptors

A

CB1: central. brain cortex, hippocanthus, striatum and cerebellum
CB2: peripheral.
exogenous THC has nearly the same effect on both.

25
Q

Cannabinoid receptors

A

CB1: central. brain cortex, hippocanthus, striatum and cerebellum
CB2: peripheral.
exogenous THC has nearly the same effect on both.

26
Q

Endogenous cannabinoid molecules

A

anadamide- a brain lipid, binds to CB1 and is derived from arachidonic acid
palmitylethanolamide- binds to CB2

26
Q

Endogenous cannabinoid molecules

A

anadamide- a brain lipid, binds to CB1 and is derived from arachidonic acid
palmitylethanolamide- binds to CB2

27
Q

Cannabis Sativa Therapeutic uses

A 
anti nausea
anti emetic
appetite stimulant
analgesic
glaucoma
muscle relaxant
anti convulsant
27
Q

Cannabis Sativa Therapeutic uses

A 
anti nausea
anti emetic
appetite stimulant
analgesic
glaucoma
muscle relaxant
anti convulsant
28
Q

Chocolate (theobroma cacao)

A

contains three unsaturated N-acylethanolamine lipids:
N-oleoyethanolamine
N-linoleoylethanolamine
Anandamide

The first two inhibit anandamide hydrolysis.
All three may mimic cannabinoids by activating the receptors or increasing anandamide levels.

28
Q

Chocolate (theobroma cacao)

A

contains three unsaturated N-acylethanolamine lipids:
N-oleoyethanolamine
N-linoleoylethanolamine
Anandamide

The first two inhibit anandamide hydrolysis.
All three may mimic cannabinoids by activating the receptors or increasing anandamide levels.

29
Q

Papaver Sominoferum (opium)

A

Common name: opium
Geography: W. Mediterranean & Near East
Ethnomedical Use: analgesic, inebriate, hypnotic, diarrhea, cough

30
Q

Papaver somniferum botanical extracts

A

tincture of opium

paregoric of opium (opium with camphor oil, anise oil and benzoic acid)

31
Q

Opium active compounds

A
  • 20 alkaloids
  • morphine, morphine sulfate, morphine HCl
  • codeine, codeine sulfate, codeine phosphate
  • thebaine
  • narceine
  • papverine
32
Q

Opium chemical derivatives

A

morphine–> heroine
thebaine–> naloxone
papaverine–> verapamil

33
Q

Morphine derivatives

A

codeine
heroin
dihydromorphone
hydromorphone

34
Q

Thebaine derivatives

A

naloxone
hydrocodone (vicodin)
oxycontin

35
Q

synthetic opiates

A

meperidine- fast acting
proproxyphene
fentanyl- 100x more potent than morphine, fast acting, short half life
methadone- weak agonist which is taken orally to treat people who are opiate addicts.

36
Q

Papaver sominferum mechanism of action

A

inhibition of the release of substance P– is associated with the relief of pain

37
Q

Endogenous opiates

A

opiopeptins; including beta-endorphins and enkephalins which bind to the same receptors as morphine (opiate receptors) and other exogenous opiates

38
Q

Papaver Sominferum (opium) Uses

A

morphine: analgesic
Codeine: analgesic, anti tussive (codeine can be metabolized into morphine)
noscapine: anti tussive (cough)
naloxone: treats morphine overdose. agonist that binds to receptors and outcompetes the binding of stronger agonists, resulting in an antagonistic effect.
papaverine: vasodilator, smooth muscle relaxant.
verapamil: vasodilator, treats hypertension and tachyarrhythmia

39
Q

Opiate Addiction and dopamine

A

There is evidence for interaction between opioids and dopamine pathways through stimulation of nucleus accumbens in the dopamine pathway.
This mediates opioid-induced reward and addiction.

40
Q

demorphine

A

derived from secretions off the back of South American frogs.
Natural hepta-peptide that is a natural opioid with high potency(30-40x more potent than morphine) and selectivity to mu opioid receptors.
Less likely to produce drug tolerance and addiction

IB 117 (9 decks)

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