Topic 10: Respiratory System and Phytomedicines Flashcards
Plants used for Asthma, cough and upper respiratory disease
Ephedric sinica atropa belladonna dioscorea mexicana ammi visnaga camellia sinensis eucalyptus golbulus coffea arabica papaver somniferum
Plant derived drugs used for Asthma
albuterol ipatropium glococorticoids cromolyn theophylline
Albuterol
derived from ephedrine extracted fro Ephedra Sinica
Ipatropium
derived from atropine extracted from atropa belladonna
Glucocorticoids
derived from disogenin extracted from discorea mexicana from Mexico
Cromolyn
derived from visnagan extracted from Ammi visnaga from north africa
Ebers Papyrus
written in 1550 BC. Asthma was written about in it. Describes how a mixture of herbs are placed on a hot brick so that asthmatic patients could inhale the vapors
Ephedra sinica
Ma Huang
ariel part used
used for: asthma, sinusitis, stimulant
Active molecule: epherine
Ephedrine
similar in structure to amphetamine and methamphetamine
active molecule in Ephedra sinica
CNS stimulant
sympathetic stimulation as a direct agonist on sympathetic receptors & enhances release of norepinephrine
psuedoephedrine HCl
stereoisomer of ephedrine- can be chemically reduced to methamphetamine
Chemical derivatives of ephedrine
phenylpropanolamine- can be chemically reduced to ampthetamine
albuterol, salmeterol
Adrenergic Alpha 1 receptors
increase arteriole restriction & intestinal motility
decrease gland secretion
agonists:
ephedrine, psuedoephedrine
Adrenergic Alpha 2 receptors
decrease secretion of insulin from beta islet cells in the pancrease
agonist:
ephedrine
adrenergic Beta 1 receptors
increase: heart rate heart contractility cardiac conduction velocity renin secretion by kidney which increases blood pressure agonist: ephedrine & psuedoephedrine
Adrenergic Beta 2 receptors
increase tracheal and bronchiole relaxation & dilation albuterol only enhances Beta 2 agonist: ephedrine albuterol salmeterol psuedoephedrine
Alpha and Beta Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
Ephedrine & puesdoephedrine isolated from Ephedra Sinica
Albuterol & Salmeterol
Ephedrine Derivatives
Used for Asthma treatment
Selective beta 2 receptor agonist (does not increase heart rate)
Therapeutic Uses:
bronchodilator to treat asthma with a rapid onset of action
Psuedoephedrine
used for allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis & as a decongestant
- apha 1, beta 1 & 2 agonist.
- can cause an increase in heart rate
Atropa Belladonna
Common Name: belladonna
Active Compound: atropine
Chemical derivative: ipatropium bromide- used as a bronchodilator to treat asthma
Atropa Belladonna Mechanism of action
ipatropium bromide & atropine: cholinergic blockers which result in brochodilation
Disogenin (dioscorea mexicana)
Common Name: wild yam Geography: Mexico Habit: Herbaceous climber Plant part: rhizomes Ethnomedical Uses: anti inflammatory, fish poisons
Chemical Derivatives of Disogenin
Chemical class: steroid
disogenin–> progesterone –> synthesis of:
-corticosteroids/glucocorticoids
Ammi visnaga
Common Name: visnaga Geography: Mediterranean Ehtnomedical Uses: agina, asthma Active Compounds: fruit extract, khellin, visnagin Chemical derivative: cromolyn Na
Ammi Visnaga Mechanism of Action
cromolyn sodium & khellin: inhibition of pulmonary mast cell degranulation reduces release of histamine which reduces bronchial inflammation, nasal mucosal inflammation, and conjuctival inflammation
Camellia Sinensis (tea)
Common Name: Tea
Geographical Region: China
Active Compounds: caffeine, theophylline, therobromine
Chemical Class: methylated xanthines
Camellia sinensis Mechanism of Action
Theophylline: relaxes bronchial smooth muscle
Not often used today because if has side effects (increased heart rate)
Theophylline Therapeutic Uses:
- asthma as a bronchodilator
- cardiac stimulant
- angina pectoris
- diuretic
- peripheral vascular disease
- CNS stimulant
Eucalyptus Globulus
Australia
Ethnomedical Uses: topically as an inhalant for upper respiratory disease and asthma
phytomedicines: oil, cineole (eucalypol)
-bronchodilator
Origanum Vulgare
Common Name: oregano
Ethnomedical therapeutic uses of leaf tea:
-upper respiratory infection
-rhinitis
Coffea arabica
Common Name: Coffee Active Compound: Caffeine Mech of Action: probably in CNS Therapeutic Uses: -apnea in premature infants -respiratory & circulatory stimulant
Caffeine Therapeutic Uses
- apnea in premature infants
- respiratory stimulant
- diuretic
- circulatory stimulant
- CNS stimulant
- migraine headache
Caffeine Sources
Coffea arabica- coffee Camellia sinensis- tea Theobroma Cacao- chocolate Cola acuminata- cola nut paullinia cupana- guarna
Papaver Somniferum
S. Europe
Ethnomedical Uses of opium (fruit resin): couch, analgesic, inebriant, hypnotic, and to treat diarrhea
Active Compound: codeine, antitussive, codeine phosphate
Therapeutic Uses: codeine- antitussive, analgesic
noscapine- anti tussive
Synthetic Antitussive
dextromethorphan is an over the counter anti tussive which is a synthetic opioid which was developed by synthetic chemists based on clues from looking at structure of plant-derived opiate molecules
Honey & Coughs
- Dark honey is the best e.g. buckwheat honey
- honey soothes irritated membranes as well as antioxidant and antiviral properties
