Topic 11: Human Gastrointestinal & Phytomedicines Flashcards
Plantango afra (psyllium)
Common Name: psyllium
Ethnomedical use:seed and seed husks used as laxative to treat constipation
Active Compounds: psyllium whole seed preparation
Psyllium Mechanism of Action
bulk-froming laxative softens stools in 1 to 3 days.
Senna Alexandria
Common Name: Senna, Egyptian senna, tinnevelly senna
Ethnomedical Use: seed/seed husks used to treat constipation
Active Molecules: sennosides A and B
Mech of Action: stimulant laxative
Senna chemical derivatives
danthron
Rhamnus
Rhamnus purshianus- cascara sagrada bark
Rhamnus frangula- frangula bark
Active Compounds- anthrquinone derivatives
-stimulant laxative
-used to treat constipation, softens stool in 6-8 hours
Ricinus communis
Common Name: castor oil
Geography: East Africa
Ethnomedical Use: low dose- laxative, high dose- cathartic (diarrhea)
Active Molecules: seed oil (not seed coat)
Mech of action: Osmotic laxative
Mentha Piperita
Common Name:peppermint
Geography: Eurasia
Ethnomedical Use: digestive problems with diarrhea and constipation, intestinal spasms, irritable bowel syndrome
Active Molecules:peppermint oil
peppermint modern medical uses
- intestinal spasms and intestinal fullness
- irritable bowel syndrome
Plants that treat nausea
- ginger
- cannabidiol
- cinnamon
Zingiber Officinalis (ginger)
from Asia underground stem (rhizome) taken orally to treat nausea
Substances that enhance digestion
angelica cardamon ginger fennel anise peppermint spearmint betel nut chili peppers
Angelica sinensis
from Asia
root
enhances digestion
Elettaria cardamomum
cardamon from Asia and India
Foeniculum vulgare
fennel
from the Mediterranean
Pimpinella anisum
Anise
S.W. Asia & Mediterranean
Mentha piperita
peppermint
Europe
Mentha Spicata
spearmind
Europe
Treatment of colic in infants
Zingiber officinale-ginger
Foeniculum vulgare- fennel
Pimpinella anisum- anise
Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA)
used for primary biliary cirrhosis and to breakdown gallstones.
originally from bear gall bladder
marketed as a pharmaceutical called ursodiol or ursosan
Cyanrar cardunculus car. scolymus (artichoke)
Common Name: artichoke
Geography: Southern Europe
Ethnomedical Use: vegetable, digestive, enhance bile flow
Active Molecules: cynarin
used as a gall bladder stimulant to enhance bile flow
Coffea arabica
Geography: N.E. Africa
drinking coffee may reduce the development of liver cirrhosis
Silybum marianum
Common Name: milk thistle
Geography: Europe, mediterranean
Ethnomedical Use: hard fruits used for liver and gall bladder disorders & hepatitis
Active Molecules: silibinin
milk thistle mechanism of action
inhibition of toxins-mediated TNF-alpha in liver cells
Silibinin (from milk thistle) Therapeutic uses
- antihepatotoxic by protecting the liver against toxins
- treats chronic liver disease e.g. cirrhosis & hepatitis B &C
- antedote in amanita hepatic poisoning
Grapefruit
hybrid between pomelo (citrus maxima) is a citrus fruit native to SE Asia and citrus x sinesis from East Asia
developed in the Caribbean in the 18th century
Grapefruit Drug interactions
active molecules- polyphenolic compounds, flavanone naringin
Grapefruit Mechanism of action
naringin is particularly potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 in small intestine and liver.
it is via the inhibition of this enzyme that grapefruit increases the effects of a variety of drugs by increasing their bioavailability which increases risk for overdose.
grapefruit is also known to interfere with statins
Diarrhea
-cause by exotoxins
Three benefits of herbs and spices used in cooking
- inhibit the development of bacterial induced food poisoning
- increase the production of digestive enzymes and enhance digestion of food
- enhance the flavor of food
papaver sominferum (opium)
Common Name: opium
Geography: SE Europe
Ethnomedical Use: analgesic, inebriante/hypotonic, cough, diarrhea
Opium active components
morphine, tincture, paregoric (camphor anise oil, benzoic acid)
Opium mechanism of action
- decrease propulsive contractions in the small intestine
- decrease gastric, pancreatic, biliary, and intestinal secretions
- decrease propulsive perstalic waves in large intestine
Treatment of diarrhea
paregoric of opium ( opium with camphor oil, anise oil, benzoic acid)
tincture opium
synthetic opiates
Synthetic opiates
loperamide (Imodium)
diphenoxylate in lomotil
Atropa Belladonna
Common Name:belladonna
Ethnomedical Use: intestinal antispasmodic, analgesic, enebriant, mydriatic
Active Molecules: atropine, scopolamine
Atropa Belladonna Mechanism
atropine: anticholinergic at muscarinic type cholinergic receptors
Atropa Belladonna Therapeutic uses
atropine: diarrhea & antispasmatic
belladonna tincture: antispasmodic, analgesic
Croton lechleri
treats
- diarrhea without blood
- cholera
- diarrhea with blood
- gastric & duodenal ulcers
- gastritis
Vibrio cholera effect on the intestine
colonizes small intestine and produces enterotoxin which binds to intestinal enterocyte which stimulates a G protein which activates the adenylate cyclase which increases cAMP which increases cholride ion channel secreation into intestinal lumen and increases water secretion into intestinal lumen
Crofelemer (SP 303)
derived from bark latex of croton lechleri
MW = 2100 daltons
Oligomeric proanthycyanidin
Crofelmer/SP 303 Mechanism of Action
Plant-derived inhibator of cAMP-mediated Fluid and chloride secretion
SP 303 demonstrated inhibition of:
- in vivo (mouse) Cholera toxin induced fluid secretions
- ex- vivo cAMP-mediated Cl ion secretion in ussing Chamber
Croton Lechleri
anti-diarrheal
amazon
SB-300 exracted from bark latex, inhibits CFTR-mediated Cl secretion in human colonic epithelial cells.
