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IB 117 > Topic 11: Human Gastrointestinal & Phytomedicines > Flashcards

Topic 11: Human Gastrointestinal & Phytomedicines Flashcards

1
Q

Plantango afra (psyllium)

A

Common Name: psyllium
Ethnomedical use:seed and seed husks used as laxative to treat constipation
Active Compounds: psyllium whole seed preparation

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2
Q

Psyllium Mechanism of Action

A

bulk-froming laxative softens stools in 1 to 3 days.

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3
Q

Senna Alexandria

A

Common Name: Senna, Egyptian senna, tinnevelly senna
Ethnomedical Use: seed/seed husks used to treat constipation
Active Molecules: sennosides A and B
Mech of Action: stimulant laxative

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4
Q

Senna chemical derivatives

A

danthron

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5
Q

Rhamnus

A

Rhamnus purshianus- cascara sagrada bark
Rhamnus frangula- frangula bark
Active Compounds- anthrquinone derivatives
-stimulant laxative
-used to treat constipation, softens stool in 6-8 hours

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6
Q

Ricinus communis

A

Common Name: castor oil
Geography: East Africa
Ethnomedical Use: low dose- laxative, high dose- cathartic (diarrhea)
Active Molecules: seed oil (not seed coat)
Mech of action: Osmotic laxative

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7
Q

Mentha Piperita

A

Common Name:peppermint
Geography: Eurasia
Ethnomedical Use: digestive problems with diarrhea and constipation, intestinal spasms, irritable bowel syndrome
Active Molecules:peppermint oil

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8
Q

peppermint modern medical uses

A
  • intestinal spasms and intestinal fullness

- irritable bowel syndrome

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9
Q

Plants that treat nausea

A
  • ginger
  • cannabidiol
  • cinnamon
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10
Q

Zingiber Officinalis (ginger)

A 
from Asia
underground stem (rhizome) taken orally to treat nausea
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11
Q

Substances that enhance digestion

A 
angelica
cardamon
ginger
fennel
anise
peppermint
spearmint
betel nut
chili peppers
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12
Q

Angelica sinensis

A

from Asia
root
enhances digestion

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13
Q

Elettaria cardamomum

A

cardamon from Asia and India

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14
Q

Foeniculum vulgare

A

fennel

from the Mediterranean

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15
Q

Pimpinella anisum

A

Anise

S.W. Asia & Mediterranean

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16
Q

Mentha piperita

A

peppermint

Europe

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17
Q

Mentha Spicata

A

spearmind

Europe

18
Q

Treatment of colic in infants

A

Zingiber officinale-ginger
Foeniculum vulgare- fennel
Pimpinella anisum- anise

19
Q

Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA)

A

used for primary biliary cirrhosis and to breakdown gallstones.
originally from bear gall bladder
marketed as a pharmaceutical called ursodiol or ursosan

20
Q

Cyanrar cardunculus car. scolymus (artichoke)

A

Common Name: artichoke
Geography: Southern Europe
Ethnomedical Use: vegetable, digestive, enhance bile flow
Active Molecules: cynarin

used as a gall bladder stimulant to enhance bile flow

21
Q

Coffea arabica

A

Geography: N.E. Africa

drinking coffee may reduce the development of liver cirrhosis

22
Q

Silybum marianum

A

Common Name: milk thistle
Geography: Europe, mediterranean
Ethnomedical Use: hard fruits used for liver and gall bladder disorders & hepatitis
Active Molecules: silibinin

23
Q

milk thistle mechanism of action

A

inhibition of toxins-mediated TNF-alpha in liver cells

24
Q

Silibinin (from milk thistle) Therapeutic uses

A
  • antihepatotoxic by protecting the liver against toxins
  • treats chronic liver disease e.g. cirrhosis & hepatitis B &C
  • antedote in amanita hepatic poisoning
25
Q

Grapefruit

A

hybrid between pomelo (citrus maxima) is a citrus fruit native to SE Asia and citrus x sinesis from East Asia
developed in the Caribbean in the 18th century

26
Q

Grapefruit Drug interactions

A

active molecules- polyphenolic compounds, flavanone naringin

27
Q

Grapefruit Mechanism of action

A

naringin is particularly potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 in small intestine and liver.
it is via the inhibition of this enzyme that grapefruit increases the effects of a variety of drugs by increasing their bioavailability which increases risk for overdose.
grapefruit is also known to interfere with statins

28
Q

Diarrhea

A

-cause by exotoxins

29
Q

Three benefits of herbs and spices used in cooking

A
  • inhibit the development of bacterial induced food poisoning
  • increase the production of digestive enzymes and enhance digestion of food
  • enhance the flavor of food
30
Q

papaver sominferum (opium)

A

Common Name: opium
Geography: SE Europe
Ethnomedical Use: analgesic, inebriante/hypotonic, cough, diarrhea

31
Q

Opium active components

A

morphine, tincture, paregoric (camphor anise oil, benzoic acid)

32
Q

Opium mechanism of action

A
  • decrease propulsive contractions in the small intestine
  • decrease gastric, pancreatic, biliary, and intestinal secretions
  • decrease propulsive perstalic waves in large intestine
33
Q

Treatment of diarrhea

A

paregoric of opium ( opium with camphor oil, anise oil, benzoic acid)
tincture opium

synthetic opiates

34
Q

Synthetic opiates

A

loperamide (Imodium)

diphenoxylate in lomotil

35
Q

Atropa Belladonna

A

Common Name:belladonna
Ethnomedical Use: intestinal antispasmodic, analgesic, enebriant, mydriatic
Active Molecules: atropine, scopolamine

36
Q

Atropa Belladonna Mechanism

A

atropine: anticholinergic at muscarinic type cholinergic receptors

37
Q

Atropa Belladonna Therapeutic uses

A

atropine: diarrhea & antispasmatic

belladonna tincture: antispasmodic, analgesic

38
Q

Croton lechleri

A

treats

  • diarrhea without blood
  • cholera
  • diarrhea with blood
  • gastric & duodenal ulcers
  • gastritis
39
Q

Vibrio cholera effect on the intestine

A

colonizes small intestine and produces enterotoxin which binds to intestinal enterocyte which stimulates a G protein which activates the adenylate cyclase which increases cAMP which increases cholride ion channel secreation into intestinal lumen and increases water secretion into intestinal lumen

40
Q

Crofelemer (SP 303)

A

derived from bark latex of croton lechleri
MW = 2100 daltons
Oligomeric proanthycyanidin

41
Q

Crofelmer/SP 303 Mechanism of Action

A

Plant-derived inhibator of cAMP-mediated Fluid and chloride secretion
SP 303 demonstrated inhibition of:
- in vivo (mouse) Cholera toxin induced fluid secretions
- ex- vivo cAMP-mediated Cl ion secretion in ussing Chamber

42
Q

Croton Lechleri

A

anti-diarrheal
amazon
SB-300 exracted from bark latex, inhibits CFTR-mediated Cl secretion in human colonic epithelial cells.

IB 117 (9 decks)

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