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IB 117 > Topic 4: Peripheral Pain, Inflammation, Dermatology > Flashcards

Topic 4: Peripheral Pain, Inflammation, Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

Erythroxylum Coca

A

Common name: Cocaine
Geography: Andes in S. America
Ethnomedical Use: leaves are chewed with alkaline substance by Quechua people today (Incan people in the past)
Active compounds: Cocaine Alkaloid
Chemical derivatives: Procaine HCl, tetracaine, lidocaine, tocainide & procainamide

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2
Q

Cocaine Mechanism of Action as an Analgesic

A

inhibition of local norepinephrine reuptake.
Causes local vasoconstriction
Local anesthetic by blocking nerve impulses

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3
Q

Tetracaine Mech of Action & Use

A

local anesthetic –> nerve impulse blockage (long duration action)

Used topically as an anesthetic for cornea of the eye

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4
Q

Procaine HCl Mechanism of Action & Use

A

local anesthetic –> nerve impulse blockage (short duration of action)

Used as an infiltrative anesthetic by dentists

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5
Q

Lidocaine mechanism of action & Use

A

local anesthetic –> nerve impulse blockage (intermediate duration of action)
Blocks both open and inactivated cardiac Na+ channels–> slows conduction of heart

Used as a local anesthetic by dentists and to suture lacerations. Also used to treat ventricular arrhythmias

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6
Q

Tocainide & procainamide mechanism of action

A

blocks both open and inactivated cardiac Na+ channels –> slows conduction of heart

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7
Q

Cocaine Therapeutic Uses

A

applied topically by dentists and nose and throat experts

  • local anesthetic
  • local vasoconstrictor that shrinks mucosal cells
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8
Q

Filipendula ulmaria

A

Common name: meadowsweet
Geography: Eurasia , small tree in meadows & swamps
Ethnomedical Use: bark used for inflammation, pain, fever
Chemical Class: glycoside
Chemical derivatives: salicylic acid –> ASPIRIN

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9
Q

Salicin (Salix)

A

Salix alba
Common name: willow
Geography: Mediterranean Europe
Ethnomedical Use: bark used as an analagesic for headaches, antiinflammatory and fever
Active compounds: salicin (metabolizes into salicyclic acid)
Chemical derivatives: saligenin (analgesic)

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10
Q

Aspirin Mechanism of Action

A

blocks cyclooxygenase (prostaglandin synthase) which:

  • decreased the conversion of arachidonic acid to endoperoxide which:
  • decreases the formation of thromboxane A2
  • decreases prostaglandin synthesis/inflammation &inhibits platelet hemostasis (makes them less sticky)
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11
Q

COX-1 Enzyme

A

cyclooxygenase
-enzyme involved in prostaglandin synthesis
makes prostaglandins that are responsible for maintenance and protection of the GI tract
-blocked by aspirin

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12
Q

COX-2 Enzyme

A

cyclooxygenase

  • enzyme involved in prostaglandin synthesis
  • makes prostaglandins that are responsible for inflammation and pain.
  • blocked by aspirin
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13
Q

COX-2 selective inhibition

A

COX 2 selective inhibitor is a form of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It selectively targets COX-2. Provides pain relief without irritating the stomach lining.

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14
Q

Aspirin and COX enzymes

A

inhibits both (equipotent).

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15
Q

Ibuprofen and COX enzymes

A

has a 7x greater inhibition of COX-2 in comparison to COX-1

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16
Q

Aspirin Therapeutic Uses

A 
taken orally
analgesic
anti inflammatory
antipyretic (fever)
antiplatelet
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17
Q

Salicyclic acid, salicin, & saligenin Topical therapeutic uses

A

Salicyclic acid:

  • warts, acne, eczema
  • pain caused by: rheumatism, myalgia, nerualgia, headaches

salicin: antiheumatic (joint pain/inflammation)
saligenin: applied topically as analgesic

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18
Q

Disogenin

A

Dioscorea Mexicana
Common name: wild yam
Geography: Mexico
Ethnomedical Use:anti inflammatory, fish poisons
Active compounds: diosogenin
Chemical Class:steroid
Chemical derivatives: precursor to glucocorticoids

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19
Q

Glucocorticoids/corticosteroids

A 
hydrocortisone
cortisone
prednisone
prednisolone
methylpredisolone
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20
Q

Glucocorticoid Mechanism of Action

A

Down regulates cytokine production which reduces inflammation:
- steroid binding to glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in cell cytoplasm results in activation of receptor and translocation to the nucleus where regulatory regions of certain genes are effected including negative regulation for genes that code for cytokines

Reduces prostaglandin production which reduces inflammation:
-blocks the conversion of phospholipid to arachidonic acid which blocks the formation of protasglandins.

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21
Q

Antiinflammatory uses of glucocorticoids

A

skin: eczema, dermatitis, psoriasis
eye: conjunctivitis
joint: arthritis
GI: Inflammatory bowel disease
Respiratory: asthma
Kidney: nepthrotic syndrom

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22
Q

Hydroxychoroquine (Cinchona officinalis)

A

Geography: S. American rainforest

Ethnomedical Use: bark used for rheumatoid arthritis and lupus:

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23
Q

Colchicum autumnale

A

Common name: crocus
Geography: Europe & N. America, gardens
Ethnomedical Use: corms used for gout, arthritis,inflammation and pain.
Used today for all of the above and autoimmune arthritis & lupus

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24
Q

Colchicum Mech of Action

A

causes a doubling of chromosomes by disorganizing the spindle mechanism at mitosis

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25
Q

Harpagophytum procumbens

A

Common name: devil’s claw
Geography: Southern Africa, Kalahari desert
Ethnomedical Use: root used for lower back, hip, and knee pain
Active compounds: harpagoside

anti inflammatory

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26
Q

Cold and Hot pain receptors

A

Menthol- cold
capsaicin- heat
wasabi- heat

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27
Q

TRPM8

A

cold sensitive ion channel associated with the menthol pain receptor

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28
Q

TRVP1

A

heat sensitive ion channel associated with capsaicin pain receptor

29
Q

TRPA-1

A

heat sensitive ion channel associated with wasabi pain receptor.

30
Q

Wasabi receptors

A

contains, TRPA-1, an ion channel in sensory nerves under the skin, including mouth and mucus membranes. Detect temperature, mechanical abrasion and irritating chemicals.

31
Q

Activators of Wasabi Pain receptor (TRPA-1)

A 
wasabi -enhancer
horse radish- enhancer
hot mustard - enhancer
onion - enhancer
garlic- enhancer
cholorquine
endogenous mast cell, BAM8-22, which is released during inflammation

All contain allyl isothiocynate

32
Q

Wasabi

A 
Eutrema Wasabi
Common name: wasabi
Geography: Japan
Ethnomedical Use: condiment 
Active compounds: allyl isothiocyanate, stimulates TRPA-1; wasabi pain receptor
33
Q

Horse Radish (Amoracia rusticana)

A

Geography: S.E. Europe and W. Asia
Ethnomedical Use: condiment
Active compounds: allyl isothiocyanate, stimulates TRPA-1, wasabi pain receptor

34
Q

Mustard (Brassica)

A

Geography: Asia
Ethnomedical Use: condiment
Active compounds: isothiocyanates, stimulate wasbi hot receptors

Brassica Nigra: black mustar
Brassica Juncea: Brown/Indian mustard
Brassica hirta: white/yellow

35
Q

Onion (allium cepa)

A

Geography: Central Asia
Ethnomedical Use: food, spice, condiment
Active compounds:allyl isothiocyanate, stimulates wasabi pain receptors

36
Q

Onion lacrymatory factor

A

when an onion is cut, cells are broken releasing alliinases to break down amino acid sulphenis acids which are converted into syn-propanethial-S-oxide, a volatile gas known as the onion lacrymatory factor (LF)

37
Q

Garlic (allium sativum)

A

Geography: Asia
Ethnomedical Use: food, spice, condiment
Active compounds:ally isothiocyanate, stimulates wasabi pain receptors

38
Q

Molecules that induce itching by way of wasabi receptor

A

Cholorquine, BAM8-22, Mucuna prureins

39
Q

Cholorquine Mechanism as a pain/itch molecule

A

stimulates wasabi pain receptor, TRPA-1. It also stimulates MrgprC11 itch receptor.

Cholorquine first binds to the wasabi receptor and opens the ion channel, depolarizing the nerve cell which then sends an itch signal to the brain.

40
Q

BAM8-22

A

endogenous peptide released during inflammation by immune cells (mast cells).
Stimulates the wasabi receptor & the MrgprC11 itch receptor. It first stimulates the wasabi receptor opening to ion channels and sends an itch signal to the brain

41
Q

Capsaicin Heat Receptor

A

Heat sensitive.

TRVP1 is the ion channel associated with this receptor.

42
Q

Capsicum

A

capsicum annuum- chile pepper
capicum frutescents- tabasco pepper
Geography: Tropical America
Ethnomedical Use: topically used as an analgesic for: arthritis, inflammation, neuralgia
orally used as a: stimulant, antimicrobial
Active compounds: capsicin

43
Q

Capsaicin Mechanism of action

A

The capsaicin receptor is a heat activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Noxious temperature receptors are sensitive to capsaicin. These receptors get excited and result in pain perception.

prolonged perception causes the receptors to become desensitized to the capsaicin and other noxious stimuli..

-potent depletor of the neurotransmitter substance P103

44
Q

Capsaicin therapeutic uses today

A

pain in skin, muscles, joints ,rheumatism, & neuralgia

pruristis (itching) caused by psoriasis or other skin disorders

45
Q

Cloves (syzygium aromaticum)

A

Geography: Asia
Ethnomedical Use: oil is used topically on skin as analgesic and is applied topically to gums to treat toothaches

stimulates heat sensitive receptors

46
Q

Zingiber Officinalis (ginger)

A

Common name: ginger
Geography: Asia
Ethnomedical Use: analgesic, digestive, anti-nausea, flavoring, antipyretic, antibacterial properties. Can also induce salivation
Active compounds: non volatile phenylpropanoid derived compounds (gingerols & shogaols). Contribute to pungent taste

hot varieties enhance heat sensitive receptors

47
Q

Piper Nigrum (Black Pepper)

A

Common name: Pepper
Geography: India
Ethnomedical Use: spice
Active compounds:peperine, which may enhance heat receptors

48
Q

Cold Sensitive Receptors

A

Menthol Pain receptor which is associated with the ion channel TRPM8.

49
Q

Molecules that stimulate cold sensitive receptors

A

peppermint
camphor
eucalyptus

50
Q

TRPM8 Mechanism

A

When TRPM8 is activated there is an initial sense of cold which is followed by desensitization and analgesia.

51
Q

Mentol Piperita

A

Common name: peppermint
Geography: Europe
Active compounds:menthol

stimulates menthol pain receptor (cold) and TRPM8

52
Q

Cinnamomum camphora

A

Geography: Asia
Active compounds:camphora (leaves)

stimulates menthol pain receptor and TRPM8

53
Q

Eucalyptus globulus

A

Common name: Eucalyptus
Geography:Australia
Ethnomedical Use: Topically as analgesic

Phytomedicines: oil, cineole (eucalyptol) is 70% of the oil.

54
Q

Acmella Oleraceae (toothache plant)

A

Geography: South America
Ethnomedical Use: leaves consumed as a salad vegetable. Used to treat tooth pain, tongue pain, & sore throats. Also helps induce salivation
Active compounds: spilanthol- makes a tingling sensation on the tongue
Chemical Class:
Chemical derivatives:

55
Q

Wintergreen Oil

A

Contains Gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen) and Betula Lenta (sweet birch)

56
Q

Gaultheria procumbems (wintergreen) & Betula Lenta (Sweet Birch)

A

Geography: Eastern USA
Active compounds: methyl salicylate

They block the production of prostaglandins by blocking cyclooxygenases (prostaglandin synthase) which inhibits conversion of arachidonic acid to endoperoxide.
Acts as an anti-inflammatory

57
Q

Tiger Balm

A

topical analgesic.with ingredients that have heat and cold sensitive analgesic effects.

58
Q

Aloe Vera

A

Common name: aloe
Geography: Aloe Vera- S.W. Arabia
Ethnomedical Use: applied topically to treat burns and skin infections

59
Q

Hamamelis virginiana (witch Hazel)

A

Geography: Easter North America
Mechanism of action: vasoconstriction and astringent effects

Used to topically for:
bruises
hemorrhoids
varicose veins
aftershave
60
Q

Arnica (Arnica montana & arnica fulgans)

A 
Geography: montana- N. &C. Europe, fulgans: N. America
Therapeutic uses:
applied topically for
-skin inflammation
-bruises
-blunt injuries
-Rheumatism
61
Q

Calendula Officinalis

A 
Common name: Marigold, calendula
Geography:Mediterranean Area
Therapeutic Uses: topical application for
-skin inflammation
-skin infections
-wound healing
62
Q

Avena Sativa (oats)

A

Europe

used as topical applicant for skin itching

63
Q

Berberis aquafolium

A

NW USA
Common name: oregon Berry
Bark and root used
Used to treat psoriasis

64
Q

Hypericum Perforatum

A 
St. John's Wort
Eurasia, naturalized in N. America
active compounds: hyperforin (antidepressant, antidiabetic), hypericin (wound healing)
Taken orally for:
depression
Type II diabetes
Topically for:
wound healing
65
Q

Carica Papaya

A

Common Name: papaya
Geography: Tropical Americ
Active Molecules: protease enzymes papain, chymopapain A &B from papaya fruit
Mechanism of Action: these enzymes help digest protein and debride necrotic wound tissue and enhance wound healing. Also helps with digestion

66
Q

Bromelain (Ananas Comosus)

A

Common name: pineapple, ananas (tupi name)
Geography: S. America
Cultural Origins: Tupi Indians in S. America
Active Molecules: protease enzyme bromelain (from stem)

67
Q

Pineapple Mechanism of action

A

The protease enzyme help enzymatically digest protein and debride necrotic wound tissue and enhance wound healing.

68
Q

Pineapple Therapeutic uses

A

applied topically to debride necrotic tissue and enhance wound healing.
taken orally to treat diarrhea and enhance digestion

IB 117 (9 decks)

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