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IB 117 > Topic 5: Endocrine System & Phytomedicines > Flashcards

Topic 5: Endocrine System & Phytomedicines Flashcards

1
Q

Progesterone

A

precursor to other steroid hormones including androgens, estrogens, and glucocorticoids

produced by the corpus luteum and the placenta

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2
Q

Uses of Progesterone

A

female contraceptives
prevent spontaneous abortion
treat menstrual disorders

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3
Q

Estrogens

A

-substance that exerts agonistic biological effects on he estrogenic receptors

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4
Q

Sources of endogenous estrogens

A
  • ovaries, testes and placenta
  • estradiol (E2) is more potent endogenous human estrogen
  • estrone (E1) is a weaker estrogen formed in fat cells
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5
Q

Effects of Estrogen

A
  • stimulate growth and maturation of long bones
  • stimulate secondary sexual characteristics
  • influence course and length of menstrual cycle
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6
Q

Uses of Estrogens

A
  • female contraceptives
  • menstrual disorders
  • menopausal symptoms
  • osteoporosis in post-menopausal women
  • estrogen deficiency
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7
Q

Androgens

A
  • agents that stimulates the development of male sex characteristics
  • testosterone is an androgen
  • androsterone is a testosterone metabolite (found in male urine)
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8
Q

Sources of Endogenous Androgens

A
  • interstitial cells of testes

- ovary

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9
Q

Androgen Therapeutic Uses

A
  • cryptochism (non-descended testes)
  • hypogonadism (inadequate gonadal function in males)
  • menorrhagia (excessively prolonged or heavy menses)
  • testosterone deficiency
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10
Q

Glucocorticoid Sources

A
  • adrenal cortex

- adrenal glands secrete cortisol- the most potent endogenous glucocorticoid

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11
Q

Uses of Glucocorticoid

A
  • anti inflammatory
  • immunosuppressant
  • treatment of cortisol deficiency
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12
Q

Glucocorticoids (molecules)

A
  • hydrocortisone
  • cortisone
  • prednisone
  • prednisolone
  • methylpredisolone
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13
Q

Glucocorticoid Mechanism of Action

A

Down regulates cytokine production which reduces inflammation: Steroid binding of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in cell cytoplasm results in activation of receptor and translocation to the nucleus where regulatory region of certain genes are effected including negative regulation for genes that code for a number of cytokines.

Also reduces protaglandin production which reduces inflammation: Blocks conversion of phospholipid to arachidonic acid which blocks the formation of prostaglandins

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14
Q

Immunosuppressant Uses of Glucocorticoids

A

oral administration:

  • systemic lupus erythematous
  • idiopathic thrombocytopenis purpurea
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15
Q

Replacement Therapy for Glucocorticoid Deficiency

A

Oral administration:

  • congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  • panhypopituitarism
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16
Q

Dioscorea Mexicana

A 
Source of diosgenin
Common Name: wild yam
Geography: Mexico
Habit: Herbaceous climber
Plant part Used: rhizomes
Ethnomedical Uses: anti inflammatory, fish poisons, etc.
17
Q

Diosgenin

A

Steroid
Use in modern medicine (derivatives included):
- female contraceptive (progesterone & estrogen)
-anti inflammatories & immunosuppressants (glucocorticoids)
-horomone replacement for estrogen, androgen, or cortisol deficiency

18
Q

Diosgenin Chemical Derivatives

A

progesterone, which is then synthesized into:

  • estrogen
  • androgens
  • glucocorticoids
19
Q

Female Contraceptives

A

Progesterone (main component) & estrogen for oral contraceptives .
Progesterone prevents the estrogen surge which blocks the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus which inhibits the mid cycle gonadotropin surge of FSH (follicular stimulating hormone) and LH (lutenizing horomone) produced by the pituitary gland.
-cervical mucus becomes thick and viscid
-endometrial changes make it more difficult for implantation

20
Q

Progestin/progestogen & estrogen Contraceptives

A
  • started when menstruation is over
  • taken for 21 days, followed by 7 days off
  • reduce risk of ovarian cancer
  • reduce risk of breast cancer when taken for less than 10 years
21
Q

Male Contraceptive:

Gossypium spp. (cotton)

A 
Common Name: cotton
Geography: China
Plant part Used:oil from fruit
Ethnomedical Uses: birth control on males
Active compound: gossypol
22
Q

Gossypol mechanism of action

A

inhibits sperm formation

23
Q

Hevea brasiliensis (para rubber)

A

Geography: S. America, rainforest
Plant part used: bark latex
Ethnomedical use: utensils
Mech of action: mechanical protection

24
Q

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

A

-Elevated levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in prostate

-

25
Q

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

A
  • potent form of testosterone that stimulates the enlargement of the prostate cells
  • testosterone is converted to more potent DHT by 5-alpha- reductase
26
Q

5-alpha-reductase (5AR)

A

converts testosterone into DHT.

activity increases with age and its main action is on the prostate

27
Q

Serenoa repens

A

Common Name: Saw palmetto
Geography: Native to Florida
Ethnomedical Use: fruits used by Native Americans to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy, is an aphrodisiac

28
Q

Saw Palmetto Mechanism

A

Inhibits 5-alpha reductase and in turn production of DHT in the prostate

29
Q

Vitex agnus-castus (Chasteberry)

A

Common Name: chasteberry
Geography: S. Europe
Ethnomedical Use: reduces sexual desire and premenstrual stress syndrome.

30
Q

Chasteberry Mechanism

A

stimulation of gondadotropin releasing horomone in hypothalamus –>
increases release of LH
increases progesterone level
decreases estrogen

31
Q

Oenothera biennis

A

Common Name: Evening primrose
Geography: Europe
Ethnomedical Use: oil from ripe seeds & aerial parts used to treat premenstrual syndrome, menopausal hot flashes

32
Q

Cimicifuga (actaea) racemosa

A

Common Name: black cohosh
Geography: Eastern North America
Ethnomedical Use: roots and rhizomes used for PMS, and menopausal hot flashes.

33
Q

Ginseng Panax ginseng & P. quinquefolius

A

Common Name: ginseng
Geography: Panax- Koreas, NE China
P. quinquefolius- E. North America
Ethnomedical Use: tonic to enhance mood, physical performance, intellectual performance, improve metabolic functions, aphrodisiac

34
Q

Galactogogues

A

enhance flow of breast milk

35
Q

Tigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)

A

Common Name: fenugreek
Geography:Europe
Ethnomedical Use: galactogogue, used in tea, Eurasian condiment

36
Q

Saponaria officinalis

A

Common Name: soapwort
Geography:Europe
Ethnomedical Use: galactogogue

IB 117 (9 decks)

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