Topic 5 - EQ3 - Water Flashcards
What is water stress?
If a country’s water consumption exceeds 10% of its renewable freshwater supply, including difficulties in obtaining a new quantities of water (e.g. from aquifers, lakes or rivers) as well as poor water quality restricting usage.
What is water scarcity?
An imbalance between demand and supply, classified as: physical scarcity (insufficient water to meet demand) or economic scarcity (people can’t afford water even when it is available)
What are the different thresholds for water stress vs water scarcity?
Scarcity = less than 1000m cubed of water available for each person per year
Stress = less than 1700m cubed of water available for each person per year
What is water insecurity?
Where present and future supplies of water cannot be guaranteed leading to a need for physical or political and economic solutions.
Which regions of the world are under most water stress?
- East and Southern Africa
- Some smaller high density countries like Czechia and South Korea
Which regions of the world are suffering from water scarcity?
- Middle East and North Africa (Yemen, UAE, Algeria…)
- California and the Western US
- By 2025 large areas of China and India will suffer from water scarcity if current trends continue
What are some physical factors that cause water insecurity?
- Warming climate = E/T increase which leads to less effective precipitation and thus a diminishing supply of water
- Varying seasonal rainfall seasons and low annual totals (especially with climate change) leads to a more unreliable supply of water
- Geology, permeable chalk and porous sandstone can store huge amounts of water underground which is crucial to reducing scarcity even with climate change as these stores are not susceptible to E/T
- Natural sea level rise means salt water intrusions can occur at the coast so salt water moves into the soil and aquifers and increases fresh water scarcity (decreasing security)
- Warmer waters encourage the growth of bacteria that are harmful to human health, sedimentation, nutrient enrichment… making some waterways unusable for human use
What human factors cause water scarcity?
- Over abstraction from natural water sources (an estimated 20% of the worlds aquifers are over-exploited)
- Agriculture (largest user of water in the world), will only need more water for more crops as human population rises and need for agricultural products increases
- Industry and manufacturing needs a vast amount of water, also risk of industrial spillage and poor waste management leading to contaminated water sources
- Energy industry needs increasing amount of water for new energy development s (e.g. biofuels and fracking, fracking has also been linked to the contamination of many groundwater stores too)
- Increasing population
- Increasing demand for water as living standards improve (e.g. more meat consumption, more clothing bought like jeans which require 5-6 years of drinking water to manufacture one pair)
What is physical water scarcity?
The imbalance between water supply and demand which results in an increasing percentage of available water being consumed. The threshold of physical scarcity is the 75% mark (more than 75% of blue water supplies are being used)
What is economic water scarcity?
The shortfall in available water due to shortfalls in Human Resources such as capital, technology, infrastructure and governance. The assumption is that the water potential is there, but it waits to be exploited.
What are areas of physical scarcity?
N Africa, Middle East, Southern India, Central Asia, Arizona, NW Mexico, Eastern interior of Australia
What are areas of economic water scarcity?
Central America, Central West and East Africa, SE Asia
What are the factors that affect the price of water?
- Cost of transport from source to consumption
- When demand>supply
- Insufficient water infrastructure due to poverty meaning residents rely on water tanks and bottled water (4x more expensive than piped water in Manila)
- Privatisation of water meaning residents pay more for water (Cochabamba 1999 water prices rose 20% after privatisation causing widespread protests and the re-nationalisation of water)
- Government price control (Denmark water is most expensive in the world in order to encourage Danes to cut down on water waste/use)
What is our case study for international water disputes?
The Nile, particularly Egypt and Sudan versus the 8 other riparian countries of the Nile
How many people live in the Nile basin?
300 million
Where is the demand for water from the Nile?
Demand has always been high down river in Egypt, Egypt has always believed Nile water to be rightfully their’s, however, there is increasing demand in other less affluent countries which are becoming increasingly wealthy. Water can help develop crop irrigation, industrial processing and HEP production allowing countries like Ethiopia to lift their people out of poverty.
What did the Nile Water Agreement II in 1959 agree?
100% of Nile water was to go to Egypt and Sudan only (not recognised by Ethiopia)
What was agreed in 2010 by all riparian countries of the Nile (except Egypt and Sudan)?
All riparian countries should have equal rights to Nile water