Topic 3 - EQ3 - Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What features make a developed countries?

A

A country that has a high quality of life, developed economy (quaternary, quinary and tertiary sector work dominating) and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.

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2
Q

What is an example of a developed (HIC), emerging (NEE) and developing (LIC) country?

A

Developed - The Netherlands
Emerging - Mexico
Developing - Afghanistan

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3
Q

How is GNI used to measure development?

A

The value of goods and services earned by a country (including overseas earnings). GNI is used to measure development because it clearly measures wealth, if the wealth coming in has increased then it is likely that the quality of life of residents is better and thus the country has developed. Can be skewed if the wealth gap is huge.

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4
Q

What 4 international standards can be used to measure development internationally?

A

-USD $ (stable and important currency)
-Per capita (countries need to be balanced by population)
-Purchasing Power Parity (things cost different things in different countries so provides necessary context)
-Balance of economic sectors

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5
Q

What is GII?

A

Gender Inequality Index. A composite index combining reproductive health, empowerment and labour force participation.

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6
Q

What proves China has won economically from globalisation?

A
  • Economic growth in China has outpaced its population growth, so China’s GDP per capita increase 14 times between 1990 and 2015
  • Between 1980 and 2012 the development gap widened globally, but the gap between China and the USA closed by some degree
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7
Q

Is there a development gap?

A

Yes. There is a gap between advanced economies and newly industrialised Asian economy, and then the rest of the world’s economy. The most rapidly increasing economies (especially since 1988) are the newly industrialised Asian economies, however, every other economic region has developed (except for sub Saharan Africa). GDP per capita is over 30,000 USD different between these newly industrialised Asian economies and sub Saharan economies.

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8
Q

How are Sweden and Haiti different in development indicators?

A

GDI per capita = Over 60k Sv, less than 2k Haiti
HDI = >0.95 HDI Sv, less than 0.5 Haiti
GII = below 0.1 Sv, above 0.6 Haiti
Epi = low Sv, high Haiti

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9
Q

What patterns are there regarding the development gap?

A

The more developed countries have a higher HDI and a higher GDP per capita. Higher GDP per capita and higher HDI come together, and these come with a low GII and high EPI, service industry is bigger in Higher GDP per capita (more developed) regions.

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10
Q

What do Lorenz curves show?

A

Often trends are shown on a Lorenz Curve. Lorenz curves are used to graphically represent the distribution of income. The percentage of households is plotted on the x-axis, the percentage of income is on the y-axis. The curve represents income distribution. The line of equality shows what equal distribution of wealth would be like.

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11
Q

Why does the environment decline as countries develop to emerging?

A

The link between economic development and environmental quality is well established. Air pollution data show that environmental quality is often poor in developing and emerging economies. It usually improves as economic and social development occurs and places make the transition from industrial to post-industrial forms of economic activity. However, the transition from developing to emerging results in environmental decline. There are many causes, all linked to energy production, industrial processes and road transport. Emerging countries are likely to have large industrial sectors, which lead to declines in the environment, due to pollution as well as clearance of land and the exploitation of materials. Many developing to emerging countries have also used wood burning stoves.

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12
Q

Why does as a country reaches a high level of development pollution levels start to decline?

A

Most High Income Countries have improved their air quality by controlling vehicle emissions (London’s low emission zone) and by transferring manufacturing overseas (outsourcing the problem to places like China). Air pollution usually improves as economic and social development occurs and places make the transition from industrial to post-industrial forms of economic activity.

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13
Q

Who are the economic winners of globalisation?

A

Average incomes have risen in all continents since 1950, however, this has been slow in Sub Saharan Africa. The great gains made by European and N American nations over the same time resulted in the widening of the average income gap between people living in the world’s wealthiest and poorest countries, absolute poverty has however also fallen in most countries (some anomalies). Since the 1970s many counties have also advanced from low to middle income status showing a ‘three speed’ world of developed, emerging and developing countries. There is also a domestic divide within nations like China and Indonesia (divide has become more pronounced, despite many being better off than previous generations in these countries, they are getting poorer in relation to the rich.

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14
Q

What is the link between globalisation and rising tensions?

A

Globalisation has resulted in social, political and environmental tensions. This is because in recent years globalisation has rapidly increased, resulting in significant global changes.

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15
Q

Why is London described as a melting pot?

A

55% of the people in London born outside of the UK in last census. London has hundreds of languages spoken, a variety of food, music and culture from around the world and all this has melted together to create modern London.

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16
Q

How have open borders led to melting pots?

A

Open border policies, e.g. Schengen area agreement in a Europe, has led to people from different backgrounds being able to freely move to another country and bring their culture with them creating a melting pot of different nationalities. Post-2015 refugee crisis, borders in Europe are becoming more closed, e.g. Denmark and Sweden have implemented border checks between their two nations on the train from København and Malmö. However, as a general rule places are increasingly becoming melting pots as migration to other countries is becoming easier as a general rule.

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17
Q

How has freedom to invest in business or transfer capital led to a melting pot?

A

Individuals are free to invest without barriers, there are no restrictions and so there becomes an economic melting pot of businesses from around the world.

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18
Q

How has FDI led to a melting pot?

A

As businesses set up outside their home nations, people from that nation travel with the business for jobs abroad creating an expat culture and the melting of different cultures and nationalities together. E.g. London attracted 35% of all companies who moved their EU HQs to Europe. 88-89% of both Qatar and UAE are foreign workers.

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19
Q

What is diaspora?

A

Diaspora is the dispersion or spread of a group of people from their original homeland. An example is the Greek diaspora in Melbourne; Korean diaspora in New Malden; Irish diaspora in Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, London and Boston; and even the Scandinavian and German diaspora in the American Midwest dating back hundreds of year.

20
Q

What are the examples of diaspora we study?

A
  • Poland to the UK

- UK to Mediterranean

21
Q

How can diasporas arise from globalisation?

A

Closer international relationships can lead to an easier transfer of people. Open border policies and a more connected world means that people can move away from home, and become part of the diaspora, but still be able to travel back to their home country on a plane or train in less than 24 hours. If the world was not so well connected then diasporas would be smaller and less significant.

22
Q

Why has immigration become a controversial issue?

A

Immigration has become a controversial issue because people have become worried about the effect immigration will have on their culture and country. Many who support immigration label these people as racist, creating conflict between people who are pro and anti-immigration.

23
Q

How have migrants been treated in Europe?

A

Migrants have been treated with scepticism across Europe, for example 63% of Greeks believed growing diversity makes their country a worse place to live, and 76% of Hungarians believe refugees will heighten the terror threat in their country.

24
Q

What is the link to increased immigration and growth of far right parties in Europe?

A

As people fear immigration they have turned to extreme political parties, especially those on the far right. For example, there was a swing to the Eurosceptic right in France (parties like the National Rally) , and in the Netherlands Geert Wilders’ PVV being one of the country’s most supported political parties. UK tabloids (not political parties) have become increasingly anti-immigration reflecting right wing views. Le Pen got 41% in 2022 Presidential elections and Sweden Democrats are now second biggest party in Sweden.

25
Q

What principle is globalisation based upon?

A

Liberalism

26
Q

What is liberalism?

A

Liberalism is the political belief in social and economic freedom (from the state, from restrictions to your daily life as long as you are not harming anyone else, and freedom as an individual).

27
Q

What are 3 case studies of attempts to control globalisation?

A
  • Censorship (China’s great firewall)
  • Limiting immigration (across the globe, e.g. border control between Denmark and Sweden)
  • Trade protectionism (French restrictions on foreign media imports)
28
Q

How does The Great Firewall of China limit the impact of globalisation?

A

The government is concerned that online tools such as instant messaging services, chat rooms and text messages will help to organise or publicise anti-pollution and anti-corruption protests and ethnic riots. Chinese government has made 60% internet regulations and the BBC has estimated that more than 2 million people are directly or indirectly monitoring the internet for the Chinese government. Website content is blocked and individuals have restricted internet access.

29
Q

How does French trade protectionism (in terms of trade in media) limit globalisation?

A

The aim is to ensure that countries can restrict imports on foreign films and media in order to limit cultural erosion, and it also allows counties to subsidise cultural activities (e.g. film production). E.g. only half of films shown in French cinemas were American imports compared to 90 in some European counties.

30
Q

What is our case study of cultural identity and physical resources (and control of cultural identity and resources)?

A

First Nations in Canada

31
Q

What resources are found within First Nation territory in Canada? Who wants these resources?

A

Oils (tar sands) and minerals mostly. TNCs want to exploit these resources and the Canadian gov’t has been accused of supporting TNCs against First Nations landowners.

32
Q

What tensions have arisen in First Nation territory in Canada?

A
  • The death of trout and other fish in oil-polluted lakes (a lifestyle around subsistence fishing is fundamental to the Dene’s cultural identity)
  • The effects of alcohol and drugs (brought by oil workers) on the behaviour of young First Nations (e.g.Dene) people
  • As supplies run out there will be more pressure on exploitation
33
Q

How has globalisation affected indigenous Canadians?

A
  • TNC oil extraction (and movement) is possibly the biggest issue with oil TNCs like Shell, ExxonMobil, Imperial Oil and ConocoPhillips exploring Canada for oil and potential for fracking. The Sahtu region home to the Dene people has seen a petroleum development with over 200 million barrels of conventional oil extracted there since 1920. -This development has led to oil pollution in lakes leading to the contamination of drinking water and the death of trout and other first, however, the Dene lifestyle is based around subsistence fishing, hunting and trapping and is fundamental to their cultural identity.
  • Oil workers have also bought alcohol and drugs which has been a massive problem in previously un-exposed First Nation communities which are often quite deprived so are consequently more susceptible to drug and alcohol related problems. Resource exploitation itself has caused conflict with traditional communities, and the Canadian government has been accused of supporting TNCs against the interests of indigenous landholders. Traditional communities have protested extensively against many projects, e.g. fracking in New Brunswick, oil sands and shel mining (the Bakken project) in Alberta, Trans Mountain Pipeline between Alberta and Vancouver, Pacific Trails Pipeline. Conflicts such as these are likely to increase in the future, as increased resource exploitation results in companies exploring more remote regions in indigenous land. Globalisation has led to profit of foreign companies being prioritised over the First Nations of Canada.
34
Q

What are some similarities between Mekong and First Nations disputes?

A
  • Multiple stakeholders involved in conflict

- Conflict stems from resources and exploitation of natural resources

35
Q

What are some differences between Mekong and First Nations disputes?

A
  • Mekong river agreement has resulted in an agreement, in Canada conflicts are on the rise if anything as the Oil TNCs continue exploitation of indigenous land
  • Different areas of the globe
  • History of First Nations and Canadian government makes it a very different situation and dynamic
  • Conflict has devastating cultural consequences for First Nations making it different
  • Mekong River conflict is cross border whereas Canadian issue is domestic with foreign players
  • Water vs Oil
36
Q

What is sustainability?

A

Sustainability is managing resources for and providing for the current generation, without jeopardising people and the environment in the current and in the future.

37
Q

How has globalisation (global media) resulted in a global conscience?

A

Global broadcasting and 24/7 news coverage is making people more aware and conscious of global events. Time delay between event occurring and being broadcast around the globe is minimising. E,g, 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami, 2011 Arab Spring and 2015 Tunisian and Parisian ISIS murders all reached global TV audiences almost instantly. A greater awareness of global events has led to class for increased rights and other changes across the world. Environmental pressure groups also challenge the world to find new and better ways of meeting people’s need sustainably, as a result of increased global consciousness.

38
Q

How has globalisation led to increased ecological footprints?

A
  • Globalisation has led to greater importing of goods and more air travel has led to increased ecological footprints.
  • Has led to industrialisation and the movement away from traditional sustainable lifestyles
  • More air flight
39
Q

Why are ethical issues being made worse by globalisation?

A
  • Globalisation has accelerated consumerism because goods are cheaper for those in some parts of the world because they are manufactured in low wage areas
  • International trade has also been accelerated with the ease of transport of goods and ease of transport of goods has allowed this global shift to happen so that consumers in the west can import cheap products made by people much worse off than them (enables exploitation)
  • Pollution
40
Q

What is localism? Why is it favoured in some areas?

A

Localism is a range of political philosophies that prioritise local over regional or global production.
Generally, localism supports local production and consumption of goods, local control of government, and promotion of local history, local culture and local identity. Many favour it because it supports local business and keeps money in the local area benefitting residents.

41
Q

What are 4 ways to manage the ethical and environmental challenges of globalisation?

A
  • Transition towns and ‘bottom up’ initiatives to promote local sustainability (e.g. Totnes, Kingston pound)
  • Fairtrade certification scheme (e.g. Fairtrade coffee and chocolate)
  • Ethical shopping (considering social and environmental costs of production of goods)
  • Waste and recycling (e.g. Keep Britain Tidy campaign or local council recycling)
42
Q

What are advantages of transition towns and ‘bottom up’ local schemes?

A

Pros: Supports local business and local residents, keeps money in the local area and stops profits going off to elsewhere in the UK or even elsewhere in the world. It stops countries becoming clones of one another too.

Cons: Local shops are often more expensive than chain shops, global trade makes things much cheaper for consumers.

43
Q

What are the pros and cons of Fairtrade certification?

A

Pros: Fairtrade goods let shoppers know that what they spend will find its way into the pay packets of poor workers. It ensures that farmers and workers are fairly paid for their hard work, when often they are exploited by the big supermarkets or shops who pay them very little just to improve profit margins.

Cons: As the number of schemes grows, it becomes harder to ensure that money has been correctly distributed. It is also not possible for all the worlds farmers to join a scheme offering a high fixed price for potentially unlimited crop yields. Also, not all shoppers will pay more for it.

44
Q

What are the pros and cons of the idea of ethical shopping?

A

Pros: Ethical shopping helps workers in low wage regions, not buying products of effectively what is slave labour in sweatshops is protecting those people in sweatshops. Rana Plaza collapse in Bangladesh highlighted the problems with not shopping ethically.

Cons: Opting out of buying globally sourced commodities is very hard in practice. It is especially hard to control what happens in the workplaces of their suppliers’ suppliers.

45
Q

What are the pros and cons of waste and recycling management (to limit effects of globalisation)?

A

Pros: Since 2004, in line with other European countries, waste management and recycling in the UK has shown a steady improvement. Waste will be diverted from landfill and raw materials resumed for new consumption offering lower environmental costs as well as employment.

Cons: -Recycling percentages vary greatly between local authorities. South Oxfordshire District Council achieved 67.3% in 2014-15, and nine other councils achieved over 60%. But the London borough councils of Newham and Lewisham were the lowest, with just 18% in 2013-14. This shows that there is not a universal approach towards waste and recycling between areas.

  • Some materials such as cling film, medicine packaging, razor blades and crockery are rarely recycled too.
  • Recycling levels vary greatly throughout the EU