Topic 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization Flashcards
Epithelium is capable of replacement by cell ______.
Mitosis
Function in absorption, secretion, and/or protection; usually highly innervated
Epithelium
Dingle layer of thin, flattened cells.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Epithelium always has a free surface, underside of which is anchored to connectivetissue via a ________ ________.
Basement Membrane
Found where substances need to move easily across a membrane (e.g., air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries, Bowman’s capsule of thekidneys, surface membrane layer lining internal body cavities)
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Single layer of cube-shaped cells.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Found lining small ducts/tubules that may have excretory, secretory, or absorptive functions (e.g., surface of the ovaries, lining of smaller salivary gland ducts and sweat gland ducts, portions of kidney tubules)
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Single layer of elongated cells, with the cell nucleus usually located DEEP in the cell, near the basement membrane
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Found in the linings of uterus and uterine tubes and various organs ofthe digestive tract (i.e., stomach, intestines, gall bladder), collecting ducts of kidneys
Simple Columnar Epithelium
May be equipped with microvilli on free surface to increase absorptive properties, plus goblet cells, which secrete mucus onto free surface; or, with goblet cells and cilia on free surface to move fluids or particlesalong a passageway
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Single layer of columnar epithelium in which cell nucleus is located at any level within the cell, not necessarily next to the basement membrane; all cells are anchored to the basement membrane, but notall reach the free surface
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Found in linings of upper respiratory system and lining some tubes ofthe male reproductive tract
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Multiple layers (10-20) of epithelial cells, of which the cells near the free surface are squamosal (i.e., thin and flattened); deeper layers tend tobe cuboidal or columnar
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Makes up the epidermis of the skin
KERATINIZED Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Two-to-three layers of cuboidal epithelial cells, forming lining around alumen
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Limited to linings of larger glandular ducts (i.e., sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas); mainly protective in function
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Several layers of cells with columnar cells at the free surface and cuboidal cells at the basement membrane
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Found in parts of the pharynx and parts of the male urethra and vas deferens; mainly protective in function.
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Consists of several layers of cuboidal cells, specialized to permit stretching and recoil.
Transitional Epithelium
Forms inner lining of urinary bladder and part of ureters and urethra, adjacent to bladder
Transitional Epithelium
Composed of epithelial cells specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids. usually located within columnar or cuboidal epithelium.
Glandular Epithelium
Secrete products (i.e. hormones) directly into to tissue fluid or blood vessels; highly vascularized
Endocrine Glads - Ductless
Secrete products into ducts that open onto internal or external surfaces.
Exocrine Glands - Have Ducts
The only unicellular exocrine gland.
Goblet Cells
Multicellular exocrine gland duct shapes
Simple/Simple Branched/Simple Coiled/Compound
Alveolar/Tubular/Tubuloalveolar
Releases fluid cellular products through cell membranes without loss of cytoplasm (salivary gland)
Type of exocrine secretions.
Merocrine
Two other exocrine secretions.
Mucus Fluid - Mucous Membranes
Serous Fluid - Serous membranes
Loses small portions of cell bodies during secretion (mammary glands)
Apocrine
Releases contents of entire cells filled with secretory products (sebaceous glands of skin). “Whole cell”
Holocrine
Cells are loosely arranged/Direct blood supply
Connective Tissue
Function - support/bind/protect other tissues/structures.
Highly vascularized.
Connective Tissue
NOT found on free surfaces.
Cells capable of replication.
Intercellular matrix.
Connective Tissue
Secrete fibrous proteins into surrounding intercellular ground substance (connective tissue)
Fibroblasts
\_\_\_\_\_\_ = Cells that make something \_\_\_\_\_\_ = "Retired" blast cells.
….blasts
….cytes
Specialized for fat storage (connective tissue)
Adipocytes
Responsible for secretion and maintenance of cartilage matrix (connective tissue)
Chondroblasts and Chondrocytes
Responsible for secretion and maintenance of bone tissue matrix
Osteoblasts and osteocytes
Specialized to engulf and destroy foreign and damaged cells. (Clean-up crew)
Macrophages and microphages
Relatively large cells with many vesicles; release substances important for DEFENSE against foreign cells and particles (one of two “search and destroy” type cells)
Mast Cells
Modified leukocytes (white blood cells) which produce antibodies (one of two search and destroy cells)
Plasma Cells
Consists of ground substance and fibers (connective tissue)
Matrix
Composed of protein collagen (large-diameter fibers); strong, resistant to stretch, flexible (stretch about 5%
Collagen Fibers
Capable of stretch and recoil; composed of the protein elastin (stretches about 50%)(Fibers)
Elastic Fibers
Very THIN collagen fibers, forming delicate supporting meshes within tissue.
Reticular Fibers
Amorphous substance within which cells and fibers are embedded.
Ground Substance
Types of connective tissue - Thin, delicate membranes with collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers (space between muscles)
Loose Connective Tissue
Types of connective tissue - Specialized form of loose connective tissue; adipocytes store fat droplets within cells (energy storage)
Adipose
Types of connective tissue - fine reticular fibers arranged in three-dimensional network (spleen, liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes)
Reticular connective tissue
Types of connective tissue - High concentration of collagen fibers; (regular vs irregular)
Dense Connective Tissue
Dense connective tissue - tendons and ligaments
regular
Dense connective tissue - reticular layer of dermis, fibrous pericardium, periosteum, epimysium, epineurium
Irregular
Elastic fibers arranged in parallel strands or branching networks (artery walls, large respiratory passages)
Elastic Connective Tissue
Cartilage and bone tissue
Supporting connective tissue
Semi-rigid connective tissue, matrix has high concentration of fibers
Cartilage
Very fine collagen fibers within semi-rigid ground substance (parts of larynx, nose, articular cartilages, costal cartilages)
Hyaline Cartilage
High concentration of elastic fibers within a semi-rigid ground substance (external ear, parts of larynx) (cartilage)
Elastic Cartilage
Network of large collagen fibers, embedded within a less rigid ground substance (pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks) (cartilage)
Fibrocartilage
Rigid connective tissue with a mineralized matrix
Bone Tissue
Ground substance is liquid (blood)
Fluid Connective Tissue
Matrix consists only of fluid ground substance (plasma) with no fibers
Blood
