Exam 3 Flashcards
Bone connective tissue composed of…
Collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite ground substance
Gives bone tissue its strength under tensile forces
Collagen
Hydroxyapatite is made of…
Inorganic mineral substance containing calcium
Gives bone tissue its strength under compressive forces
Hydroxyapatite
(Entire) bone is composed of…
Bone/connective tissue and nervous/epithelial elements
Fiction of skeletal system
Structure/support/protection
Locomotion/movement
Blood cell formation
Stores inorganic minerals, especially calcium
Indicator of height, age, sex, weight, geographic ancestry, (some) medical history
Components of skeletal system
Bones and joints
(Macro bone structure) shaft/primary center of ossification
Diaphysis
(Macro bone structure) associated with articulation/secondary ossification center
Epiphysis - usually on either side of diaphysis
Epiphyseal plate is made of…
Hyaline Cartilage
Disk connecting diaphysis and epiphysis
Epiphyseal Plate
Membranes covering outer and inner bone surfaces.
Periosteum (outer)
Endosteum (inner)
Cavity at center of long bone.
Medullary cavity
Covers bone where it articulates with other bones
Articular cartilage (composed of hyaline cartilage)
(bone tissues) between compact bone and endosteum, large gaps between struts, will crumble under pressure
Spongy
(bone tissues) between periosteum and spongy bone, composed of osteons
Compact
(part of compact bone) concentric layers of bony connective tissue
Lamellae
(part of compact bone) contains blood vessels and nerves, and is inside lamellae
Central canal
Holes found between lamellae
Lacunae
Passageways connecting lacunae to each other and the central canal
Canaliculi
Connects central canals to each other
Perforating canals
Bone broken but skin is not broken
Simple Fracture
Bone break through skin
Compound fracture
Bone is fragmented
Comminuted
Comminuted fractures must be repaired quickly because…
Fragmented pieces lose blood supply and bone tissue will die if not repaired quickly.
Not fractured all the way through the bone
Incomplete fracture
Incomplete fracture + bending of bone.
More common in _______
Greenstick Fracture
Children
Tendon or ligament pulls bone away at site of attachment.
Avulsion
Healing of fracture process (4 stages)
Hematoma –> soft callus –> hard callus –> remodeling of hard callus to mature bone.
Reduction of bone density due to deossification, most prevalent in middle-aged and elderly women
Osteoporosis.
Cause of sexual dimorphism with osteoporosis
Women have less bone mass and lose bone mass sooner than men (around 35/not result of menopause)
Men start losing bone mass around __ years old.
The exception?
60 years old
Men being treated for prostate cancer - due to the steroids.
The study of joints.
Arthrology
Immovable joint/Example
Synarthrosis/Skull Sutures
Moderately/slightly movable joint
Amphiarthrosis
Freely movable joint
Diarthrosis
Medial or lateral movement of the soles of the feet (touching soles of feet together)
Medial: Inversion
Lateral: Eversion
Movement of body parts upwards and downwards (shoulder shrug)
Upwards: Elevation
Downward: Depression (back to rest pos)
Movement of body parts forward and backwards (hugging)
Forward: Protraction
Backward: Retraction (back to resting pos)
Displacement of bone within a joint.
Dislocation
PARTIAL and TOTAL dislocation.
Subluxation (partial)
luxation (total)
Over stretching or tearing of connective tissue associated with synovial joints
Sprains
Inflammation of a bursa
Bursistis
Autoimmune disease involving synovial joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Characterized by inflammation of the synovial joint
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Typically bilateral, affecting small joints of the hands and feet. Also, genetic in nature with early age of onset.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Progressive degeneration of synovial joints through wear and tear. Therefore, not alway bilateral.
Osteoarthritis
Relatively late age onset. Affects high-use joints, large weight-bearing joints, or joints previously involved in acute trauma
Osteoarthritis
Three functions of muscular system.
Movement
Stabilization
Thermogenesis
Muscles possess…. (…bilities)
Irritability (cells respond to stimulus)
Contractility (cells shorten)
Extensibility (cells lengthen)
Elasticity (return to original length)
Muscles are composed of ______ cells and are capable of _____/______.
Elongated
repair/healing
Three ways muscle cells repair/heal.
Hyperlasia - cell division
Replacement - by satellite cells
Hypertrophy - cells increase in size
Skeletal muscles located…
upper part of esophagus, diaphragm
Skeletal muscles method(s) of repair
Replacement aided through hypertrophy
NOT cell division
Only multinucleate type of muscle cell
Skeletal
A single muscle cell/fiber is surrounded by ________.
Endomysium
A bundle of muscle fibers is called a ______, and is surrounded by a ________.
Fascicle
Perimysium
A group of _______ make up the muscle, and is surrounded by an _______.
Fascicles
Epimysium
At the end of the muscle, the ________, _______ and ________ come together to form muscle tendons.
Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium
The cell membrane of a muscle fiber.
Sarcolemma
A continuation of the sarcolemma, extending into the interior of the muscle fiber, surrounding the myofibrils.
Transverse Tubules
Specialized endoplasmic reticulum, forms a tubular network around the myofibrils
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Large chambers of sarcoplasmic reticulum encircling the myofibril, on either side of the transfers tubule; storage of calcium ions.
Cisternae
Unit of a transfers tubule and flanking cisternae encircling a myofibril
Triad
Made up of microfilaments, arranged into sarcomere
Myofibrils
Myofibrils:
Thin filament - made up primarily of the protein ______.
Thick filament - made up primarily of the protein _______.
Actin
Myosin
Sudden change in electric charge of the cell membrane
Action Potential
Action potential travels through the _ _____ to the ________ and triggers the release of _______ ____ from the cisternae.
T Tubules
Myofibrils
Calcium Ions
Calcium ions cause exposure of ________ ____ on the actin molecules of the thin filament.
Binding Sites
Muscle primarily responsible for specific joint movement.
Agonist
Muscle which produces opposite actin of agonist.
Antagonist
Muscle which assists the agonist.
Synergist
When muscles contract under circumstances where little/no muscle shortening can occur - holding position against resistance without moving.
Isometric
Contractions where muscle fibers change length
Isotonic
Muscle is shortened (curl bicep)
Concentric
Overall length of muscle increases during a contraction - slowly extend from a curl - resist the return back to resting state.
Eccentric
Three causes of atrophy.
Disuse (mechanical) Denervation (Nerve problem) Muscular Dystrophy (abnormality of muscle cell)
Four causes of cramps.
Ion imbalance
Fatigue
Some deficiency
Dehydration
As muscles age….
Fibers become smaller/less elastic.
Healing process slows.
Muscle type located with visceral organs, blood vessels, lower part of esophagus, skin, spleen - involuntary/non-striated.
Smooth Muscle
Two muscle types with single, centrally located nucleus.
Smooth and Cardiac
Shorter elongated cell with tapered ends (muscle type)
Smooth
Muscle type contains actin and myosin fibers, but not arranged into sarcomeres.
Smooth Muscles
Muscle type utilizes all three repair/regeneration processes - hyperplasia, hypertrophy, differentiation.
Smooth Muscle
Sheets of fibers with numerous connections between fibers; all fibers contract as a single unit (type of smooth muscle)
Visceral (single-unit) smooth muscle
Fibers loosely organized; individual cells must be stimulated separately (type of smooth muscle)
Multiunit smooth muscle
Muscle type located with the heart and roots of great vessels adjoining the heart/involuntary and striated
Cardiac Muscles
Cells connected by intercalated discs which transmit impulses between cells.
Cardiac Muscle
Stimulation in one part of net causes contraction within whole unit.
Cardiac Muscle
Functions in the absence of nervous or hormonal input.
Autorhythimicity (Cardiac muscles)
Cells cannot divide or be replaced. Repair and regeneration is accomplished solely with HYPERTROPHY.
Cardiac Muscles
