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A & P 1 > Topic 3: Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Topic 3: Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Semipermeable, outer structure of cell

A

cell membrane

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2
Q

Composition of cell membrane

A

double-layer of phospholipids

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3
Q

Double-layer of phospholipids orientation

A

Phosphate head on outside - Hydrophilic

Lipid tails on inside - Hydrophobic

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4
Q

passive movement of substances from regions of highconcentration to regions of low concentration

A

Diffusion

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5
Q

passive movement of water molecules across asemi-permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

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6
Q

More selective/precise barrier than semi-permeable.

A

Selectively-Permeable

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7
Q

particle concentration outside the cell compared toinside the cell

A

Tonicity

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8
Q

equal concentrations outside vs. inside

A

Isotonic

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9
Q

Greater concentration outside vs inside

A

Hypertonic

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10
Q

Lower concentration outside vs inside

A

Hypotonic

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11
Q

forced movement of fluid across a membrane whosepores restrict the passage of solutes based on their size

A

Filtration

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12
Q

movement of a substance across thecell membrane by means of a protein carrier

A

carrier-mediated transport

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13
Q

Passive movement along a concentrated gradient

A

Facilitated diffusion

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14
Q

ATP-driven movement against aconcentration gradient

A

Active transport

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15
Q

Moving things in/out of cell

A

Vesicular transport

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16
Q

Transport something INTO the cell

A

Endocytosis

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17
Q

Vesicular movement of fluids

A

Pinocytosis

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18
Q

vesicular movement of extracellular substances (solids)

A

Phagocytosis

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19
Q

Receptors on the outside collect a specific molecule. Once enough receptors have the specific molecule, they pull into the cell to create a vesicle, travel thru the cell, release the molecules and make their way back to the membrane to collect more.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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20
Q

Transport of substances OUT of the cell (exit the cell)

A

Exocytosis

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21
Q

Everything inside the cell membrane besides the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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22
Q

Network of interconnected membranes, forming sacs and canals which transport/store materials within the cell

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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23
Q

Ribosomes where protein is synthesized

A

Rough ER

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24
Q

“ER” associated with lipid production (no ribosomes associated)

A

Smooth ER

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25
Q

Manufactures protein

A

Ribosomes

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26
Q

Handles protein particles that will be exported

A

Fixed ribosomes

27
Q

Handles protein that get used within the cell

A

Free robisomes

28
Q

Stack of interconnected flattened, membranous sacs, usually located near the cell nucleus

A

Golgi Apparatus

29
Q

Processes protein molecules for secretion

A

Golgi apparatus

30
Q

Membranous sacs/Storage & Transport compartments

A

Vesicles

31
Q

Cell’s “power plant”/ Cite of ATP production

A

Mitochondria

32
Q

Looks like vesical; Has Plasma membrane;

Has digestive chemicals; “janitorial dept of cell” - digests nutrients

A

Lysosomes

33
Q

How do bodily cells differ?

A

size, shape, structure & function

34
Q

Extensions of the cell’s surface, supported by microfilaments andmicrotubules. Microvilli

A

Cilia (shorter)

Flagella (longer)

35
Q

Only human flagella

A

Sperm cell

36
Q

Spherical, non-membranous mass located near cell nucleus, consisting of two rod-like centrioles (which are composed of
microtubules)
Participate in cell reproduction

A

Centrosomes

37
Q

Home of the cell’s genetic material

A

Cell Nucleus

38
Q

Small, dense body of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) in nucleus. Forms ribosomes.

A

Nucleolus

39
Q

Uncondensed chromosomes (protein + deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA])

A

Chromatin

40
Q

Somatic cell division

A

Mitosis - Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

41
Q

interphase - normal cell function

A

G0 phase

42
Q

interphase - cytoplasmic preparation for cell division

A

G1 phase

43
Q

interphase - duplication of DNA and chromosomes

A

S phase

44
Q

interphase - last minute preparations for cell division

A

G2 phase

45
Q

Duplicated chromosomes coalesce out of the chromatin; two chromatids held together by a centromere
(phase of mitosis)

A

Prophase

46
Q

Chromosomes line up individually along the cell’s equatorial plane

A

Metaphase

47
Q

Chromatids separate from each other and migrate to opposite poles of the cell

A

Anaphase

48
Q

Formation of new nuclear and cell membranes; cytokinesis

A

Telophase

49
Q

Sex cell division, production of male and female gametes

A

Meiosis

50
Q

S phase and DNA/chromosome duplicate (meiosis)

A

Interphase

51
Q

REDUCTION of chromosomes from diploid to haploid

A

Meiosis I

52
Q

Duplicated chromosomes coalesce out of the chromatin (meiosis I)

A

Prophase I

53
Q

Chromosomes line up along the cell’s equatorial plane as HOMOLOGOUS pairs

A

Metaphase I

54
Q

Chromosomes separate from their homologous partner and migrate to opposite poles

A

Anaphase I

55
Q

Formation of new nuclear and cell membranes; cytokinesis

haploid number in each cell

A

Telophase I

56
Q

Division of the sister chromatids

A

Meiosis II

57
Q

Chromosomes coalesce out of the chromatin (meiosis II)

A

Prophase II

58
Q

Chromosomes line up INDIVIDUALLY along the cell’s equatorial plane
(meiosis II)

A

Metaphase II

59
Q

Chromatids separate from each other and migrate to opposite poles of the cell (meiosis II)

A

Anaphase II

60
Q

Four daughter cells

A

Telophase II

61
Q

Male sex cell formation resulting in four viable gametes (4 sperm cells)

A

Spermatogenesis

62
Q

Female sex cell formation resulting in one viable gamete + two or three polar bodies due to uneven division of cytoplasm.

A

Oogenesis

63
Q

Two stages of protein synthesis

A

TRANSCRIPTION: copying/making messenger RNA (mRNA) to be transferred to ribosomes.
TRANSLATION of mRNA at the ribosomes into a string of amino acids

A & P 1 (11 decks)

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