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AQA Weimar Germany > topic 4 - terror state and opposition and propaganda > Flashcards

topic 4 - terror state and opposition and propaganda Flashcards

1
Q

from 1933-45 how many reports of people committing race crimes were reported by Gestapo?

A

0.5%

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2
Q

from 1933-45 how many reports were from the general public?

A

57%

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3
Q

how many members in ss by 1939?

A

240,000

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4
Q

by 1936 how many given the death penalty

A

140

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5
Q

between 1924-39 how many people were tried by the people’s court

A

3,400

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6
Q

what was the peopl’es court

A

april 1934
dealt with political crimes and sent opposition to work camps
3 nazis for every 2 non nazi judges
defendants could barley speak and no jurys

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7
Q

what was the front of german law (nazi justice system)

A

april 1933
all judges. lawyers who were jews were dismissed
made apparent that judges and lawyers prospects were dependant on support of the regime

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8
Q

limitations of nazi justice system

A
  • dualism. as the courts were pre-existing and hitler built upon on them meant that there was confusion and of power that the judicary had to support the nazis. its wasn’t a completley nazi court
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9
Q

who was chief of police

A

Himmler

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10
Q

the judges were not permitted to operate independently how many judges sat on a jury?

A

3 nazi, 2 non-nazis

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11
Q

what is the problem with the police state structure?

A

The nazi regime was very confusing and inconsistent leading to no one knowing whose job was who.
for example,

the SS and the Gestapo overlapped

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12
Q

what were the three sections of the SS?

A
  • Allgemeine SS (General SS)
  • Waffen SS (elite armed SS)
  • Einsatzgruppen (mass murderers of SS)
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13
Q

how many Jews were killed by the Einsatzgruppen in the babyar killing

A

35,000

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14
Q

strengths of the SS

A

240,00 members by 1939 giving them a wide control of Germany

brutalism led to more affective policing as the emotion of their actions had been extracted

systematic and regimentation makes it more effective

economic power lead them to hold their own against industrialists

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15
Q

weaknesses of the SS

A

ss as. time goes on with the final solution become. psychologically affected making the uni perform less effectively in the belong term

the conflict between ss Waffen and the army

Himmler could have threatened Hitler’s power and

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16
Q

what did the SS do in creating the ‘new order’

A

policy in which the nazis planned to economically exploit the land and resources of occupied land in eastern Europe

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17
Q

what was the SD for?

A

an offshoot of the SS. to investigate claims that the party has been infiltrated by its political opponents.
led by Heydrich

identified who voted ‘no’ in plebiscite

staffed not by professional police officers but by amateurs

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18
Q

when did the ss take control of the concentration camps?

A

1934, systemised the treatment of prisoners.

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19
Q

strengths of the Gestapo

A
  • seen as an image of power who intimidates opposition, and scared the general public into conforming with nazi ideology due to the fear of them
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20
Q

weaknesses of Gestapo

A
  • in 1939 only 20,00 agents . in big cities like Hamburg with half a million people the policing was ineffective
  • their operations became more random and dependent on the decisions and priorities of individual officers. treating greater opportunities for the opposition and non-conformist behavior
  • only 0.5% of reports of nonconformity came from the Gestapo agents
21
Q

what was the Aryan paragraph?

A

under 1933 law on reconstructing the civil service. protestant priests in the evangelical church who had converted to Christianity from Judaism were dismissed

22
Q

why was there limited opposition

A

strong base for the regime through propaganda and gleichaltung

there is evidence of Hitler’s rising popularity in the 1932 elections and beyond however there were a few groups who resisted gleichaltung

23
Q

examples of non-conformity

A
  • many churches refused to display swastika flags.
  • kreisau circle of conservatives agreed that Hitler’s rule was a disaster for Germany but was only a debating society
  • small amounts of german refused to heil Hitler or bad mouthed him in private
  • some young people refused to go to Hitler youth when it became obligatory and sometimes hummed tunes that were banned
24
Q

examples of resistance

A
  • young people joined cliques or gangs show their independence poverty political meuten gangs which flourished in communist places in Germany
  • individual pastors resisted by speaking against the barbarities of the reigeme
  • burning with anxiety document smuggled into Germany secretly printed and distributed and read out from almost every church pulput in march 1937
25
Q

examples of protest

A
  • arrest of one priest led to noisy public demonstrations at his trail
  • workers went on strike in 1937 a total of 250 strikes were recorded.
26
Q

edelweiss pirates

A
  • ages 14-17 actively tried to affect nazi plans and were outwardly anti-indoctrination.
  • they the bricks, detailed trains, and were involved in bomb plots
  • their effectiveness is high as they scared the nazis and Gestapo made reports on them
    13/3000 executed
27
Q

Clemens von Galen

A
  • opposed due to racism and totalitarianism who wanted to stop catholic oppression and defended the teaching of the church
  • in 1935 pamphlet arguing against nazi racial ideology (the easter message) and helped draft Pope Pius XI’s ‘burning with anger
  • was a threat as he had 19,000. followers so was too important to publish
28
Q

protestant emergency league

A
  • led by Niemoller who was a prominent Lutheran pastor
  • refused to join reich church
  • 1937, 700 pastors were imprisoned but weren’t effective as many pastors salaries were stopped by nazis banned from preaching or was arrested.
29
Q

Kreishau circle

A
  • right-wing wanted to restore the monarchy
  • want federal states to have power over police and education
  • ‘basic principles o the new order in 1943 statement of what Germany would look like without Hitler
  • not very effective more of a debating society than a conspiracy
30
Q

SOPADE

A
  • exiled SPD members
  • 4000 confirmed members
  • smuggled ‘red pamphlets’ across Czechoslovakia
  • information came from secret cells within workers in Germany
  • COULD have been used to defeat nazis from the inside but had little impact due to lack of political freedom and censorship or members being in concentration camps
31
Q

weltanischaltung

A

meaning ‘the view of the world’ or philosophy. the nazis wanted to indoctrinate society with party views to create committed members to the volkemeinshaft

32
Q

when did Gobles become propaganda chief

A

1928

33
Q

what did Goebles want to create

A

a ‘one single public opinion’ and wanted to stress this through radio and film

34
Q

what role did speer play?

A
  • ‘the architect’
  • created stadiums, emblems, and visuals of the nazi party
  • 1934 Nuremberg rally produced ‘cathedral of light’
  • February 1942 replaced as minister of armaments and war production
  • ONLY DEFENDANT TO PLEAD GUILTY AT NEURBENURG
35
Q

when was the propaganda ministry under Goebles set up

A

early 1933. by 1937 employed over 14,000.

directed media as to what to produce.non-conformists punished harshly

36
Q

when was the reich culture chamber created and what was it

A
  • September 1933.
  • 7 sub-chambers membership was compulsory for people involved in cultural activities
  • needed a license to publish work, have exhibitions
37
Q

propaganda through Sports

A
  • 1936 berlin Olympics. a utopia of german greatness fostering a feeling of patriotism. Nazified national anthem supported the ubermensch. got people subconsciously supporting nazism
  • however American sprinter Jesse Owens beat Aryan german in sprint disproving the Aryan theory
38
Q

press as propaganda

A
  • October 1933 clause 14 excluded anything in papers to ‘calculate to weaken the strength of the Reich
  • reasons to spread false news of rumours
  • the nazi’s publishing house meaning nazi ownership grew 3% in 1933 to 69% in 1939
  • BUT papers kept their original names to maintain habitual audiences
39
Q

radio as propaganda

A
  • April 1934 the nazis established a unified radio system
  • 1 station with a limited range so couldn’t hear any other countries
  • Goebbels described it as a ‘spiritual weapon of the totalitarian state’
  • By 1939 70% of households owned one
40
Q

film as propaganda

A
  • worked to influence the sub-conscious reinforcing previously held prejudices
  • number of filmgoers quadruples between 1933 and 42
  • had to watch the adverts to watch the movie
  • 1940 anti-semitic movie ‘the eternal jew’ was reworked 12 times made more horrific by Hitler by comparing jews to rats. was a box office disaster
  • BUT films were more effective in keeping support for the reigeme then indoctrinating new people as entertainment took priority
41
Q

posters as propaganda

A
  • portrayed perfect Aryan families and trad values

- used to try and garner support for daring politician moves such as the Anschluss in 1938

42
Q

festivals as propaganda

A
  • big public spectacles to celebrate things such as:
    9th November remembrance of Munich putsch
    24th Feb anniversary of founding of the party
43
Q

autobahns as propaganda

A
  • concrete expression of the new united Germany.
  • shows Germany’s economic strength
  • BUT not effective as cars were expensive and seen as an elitist mode of transport and they only employed 125,000 people
    and militarily the surface was too thin for tanks
44
Q

architecture and propaganda

A
  • represented the solidification of the thousand-year reich that the nazis were building
45
Q

literature as propaganda

A

in 1933 20,000 books were burnt to cleanse the new Germany
novelists had to promote a nazi ideology or at least be neutral
- Mein Kampf only sold 6 million copies and is debated weather it was widely read

46
Q

what was the Hitler myth?

A
  • coined by Kershaw the Hitler myth was a cult of personality that was created through propaganda which made germans be captivated by Hitler, not necessarily the nazi party, aligning their views with his which was subconsciously them accepting nazi ideology
  • after 14 years of campaigning the fuhereprinzip was applied to the whole of Germany
  • he knew what the people wanted and made a unique relationship with them
47
Q

how did this representation help Hitler

A
  • being presented as a savior to the German people and being the ‘chosen one’ to rebuild Germany made up for personal downfalls.
  • in reality, Hitler wasn’t very involved in detailed policy-making but the myth has led us to believe he was POWERFUL
48
Q

by the late 1930s how many german’s estimated to admire Hitler

A

90%

49
Q

negative impacts of the hitler

myth

A
  • Hitler became to believe he was infallible. stopped being a calculative opportunist.
    Kershaw, ‘ the day in which Hitler started to belive his own myth, marked in a sense the end of the third Reich’

AQA Weimar Germany (14 decks)

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