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A-level - Geography > Topic 4 - Regeneration EQ4 > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Regeneration EQ4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the aim of regeneration?

A

aim of regeneration is to create a legacy of increased income and employment, and decrease poverty and deprivation

Multiple measures needed to judge regeneration projects

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2
Q

Explain what can be measured to assess the success of regeneration when looking at economic factors?

A
  • income
  • poverty
  • employment
  • housing prices

data comes from census data, neighbourhood statistics and current data

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3
Q

Explain what can be measured to assess the success of regeneration when looking at social factors?

A
  • reduction in inequality
  • reduction in deprivation
  • demographic changes - increased life expectancy, reduced health deprivation
  • education, skills and training deprivation
  • crime
  • barriers to housing and services
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4
Q

Explain what can be measured to assess the success of regeneration when looking at environmental factors?

A
  • reduced pollution levels
  • reduction in abandoned and derelict land
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5
Q

Explain how fieldwork and research can be used to assess the success of regeneration when looking at economic factors?

A
  • census data
  • neighbourhood statistics
  • historical and current data
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6
Q

Explain how fieldwork and research can be used to assess the success of regeneration when looking at social factors?

A
  • interviews
  • newspaper accounts
  • social media
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7
Q

Explain how fieldwork and research can be used to assess the success of regeneration when looking at environmental factors?

A
  • photography compassion with historical photos
  • environmental quality surveys and pollution indicators
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8
Q

Evaluate the use of measures when looking at economic factors?

A

Pros
- quantifiable (all numerical) - easily compare places and look for patterns
- clear data, census happens every 10 years

Cons
- employment could be filled by external workers, might not improve the actual area + sleeper villages exist
- data from the census may be outdated - not every year
- depends on the scheme science park will attract many high earners compared to a housing scheme

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9
Q

Evaluate the use of measures when looking at social factors?

A

Pros
- subjective - takes into account opinions
- Adds context to data
- Looking at before and after indicators will help measure ‘success’

Cons
- how reliable is it?
- Mostly qualitative and therefore subjective

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10
Q

Evaluate the use of measures when looking at environmental factors?

A

Pros
- visual measure - easy to see where regeneration is needed and how an area changes
- data will vary between main roads and rest of area

Cons
- some data is qualitative and therefore subjective
- compound data

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11
Q

Explain how the area of Barking and Dagenham has changed - focus on economic factors?

A
  • 1960s - ford employed 40,0000 people at its Dagenham plant and council re-housing schemes offered residents good housing
  • 2002 - ford ended car assembly - robots operate most of the work at reaming factory (only employs 3200 workers)
    giant pharmaceutical company also ended production
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12
Q

Outline deprivation in Barking and Dagenham?

A
  • after fords decline it has left a legacy of deprivation (economic employment, social health and environmental) - became 22nd most deprived in England in 2004 and 9th in 2015
  • 27% residents earning below living wage
  • unemployment rate was just 4.5%
  • education levels low
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13
Q

Outline how regeneration in Barking and Dagenham is improving the area - focus on Beam park?

A
  • located on land previously occupied by Ford - will create 40,000 m^2 of workplaces
  • a premier inn and a pub already employ local residents (provides easy accessibility to work)
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14
Q

Outline how regeneration in Barking and Dagenham is improving the area - focus on barking town centre?

A

1960s was a concrete town centre in dire need of refurbishment for retail, commercial and new residential spaces

2014 - over 400 homes and 1000m^2 of commercial space has been created (social) - provides housing which will increase migration into the area

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15
Q

Outline how regeneration in Barking and Dagenham is improving the area - focus on the Gascoigne estate?

A

Most deprived housing estate in the borough - regeneration will provide 1500 new homes by 2024 + new schools, community centre, retail/office spaces and an outdoor leisure space

  • will encourage migration due to services available + school/leisure centre will provide jobs and encourage higher level of education (tier 3 and 4 qualifications)
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16
Q

Outline how regeneration in Barking and Dagenham is improving the area - focus on barking riverside?

A
  • site of former power station (Londons largest regeneration site)
  • plans for 7 new residential neighbourhoods - will create 11,000 new homes + 5 schools + health centres + places of worship + community facilities
  • 65,000 m^2 of commercial, retail and leisure space - should create 6000 jobs
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17
Q

Outline how regeneration in Barking and Dagenham is improving the area - focus on Dagenham docks?

A
  • industrial site - includes 200 fuel and chemical tanks and derelict land

Now a sustainable business area (plastic bottle recycling company - 10% of UK’s plastic bottles - and an biogas production plant)

18
Q

Describe the pattern of deprivation with Barking and Dagenham?

A
  • higher level of deprivation around centre (greatest % of household deprivation around Albion and further north around Valence - 10.8-14.7%)
  • much lower employment compared to London (3.2 compared to 8.3)
  • higher number of skilled trades in the area compared to London (21.2% to 8.3%)
19
Q

Provide some statistics for the comparison of deprivation within Barking and Dagenham with London?

A
  • lower employment in Barking and Dagenham then in London (3.2 compared to 8.3)
  • 2013 B and D have 30% of employees in higher income jobs compared to London which has 50%
  • High number of skilled trades in the area (eg electrians) compared to London 21.2% London is 8.3%
20
Q

Outline and explain the environmental quality within Barking and Dagenham - give 3 points?

A
  • council lobbying for new rail based transport infrastructure (includes new jobs) - improves accessibility - direct link between barking and Stratford will enhance connectivity to this important regional hub
  • aiming to improve footpaths, signage and directions - encourage people to walk which reduces carbon emissions (**developed ‘just walk’ scheme)
  • beam park - building new buildings and infrastructure on the old abandoned ford factories - regenerating derelict land
21
Q

Outline the types of investment used in urban regeneration?

A
  • private investment
  • public sector investment
  • public-private partnership
22
Q

Give an example of private investment into urban regeneration?

A

Retail-led regeneration in Stratford Westfield - Australian company Westfield owns 50% of the development and rent out the other spaces to retail companies (recovers cost of development)

23
Q

Give an example of public investment into urban regeneration?

A

sport-led regeneration in London - Government bid for Olympics and supported by the London Assembly and London Mayor - £9.3 billion to host and costs were recovered through ticketing (made profit)

24
Q

Give an example of public-private partnership into urban regeneration?

A

Example is the London docklands
partnership between the government (who gave the land and financial grants) and property developers who created buildings,jobs and housing

25
Q

Explain the role of strategies?

A

Aim to get the best value for money out of the investment - eg private investment for governments are beneficial as areas improve without them having to spend any money

26
Q

Explain why the public, not private sector funded the London olympics?

A

Public sector is involved in the investment of large projects like infrastructure (HS2) and major national events which are viewed as too costly or risky by the private sector - focused on serving the public’s interests and views by providing something

27
Q

Explain why the private, not public sector funded Westfield shopping centre?

A

Westfield centre is funded by the private sector as it is aimed at benefitting one or more than one company or partner it would not involve the tax payers money - so can be developed however the company directors and shareholders want - serves the company’s interests not those of the public

28
Q

Outline fully public investment strategy - players involved, when its used pros and cons?

A
  • involves government officials and local councils
  • used for any infrastructure/public services that are viewed as too risky by private (expected income will be lower than costs)
  • eg HS2, London olympics and NHS
  • provides services where its most needed, not just where profit will be made
  • can be slow with inaccurate budgeting
29
Q

Outline fully private investment strategy - players involved, when its used pros and cons?

A
  • involves companies and shareholders
  • used for expansion of companies or products and to benefit a company
  • for example companies sharing research for products
  • can help bring costs down but serves the companies interests rather than those of the public
30
Q

Outline the major features of the 2012 Olympic park - give 5?

A
  • Olympic stadium hosts major sport competitions + aquatics centres host swimming events
  • 560 acres of parkland, provide trails, play areas and cycling routes
  • home to media centre - features BT sport
  • the orbit - viewing platform which provides fires of London (tourist)
31
Q

Explain why their is a disadvantage with rural regeneration - use Cornwall as an exmaple?

A
  • lower average incomes
  • lower population density - hard to maintain sufficient customers to make a profit (private investors prefer to invest in rural)
  • for example in Cornwall which has experienced a ‘brain drain’ majority of young well-qualified residents forced to leave to find work in urban areas
32
Q

Give evidence for the lack of regeneration in Cornwall - a rural area?

A
  • had England’s lowest full-time average earnings (77% of UK average)
  • 20% of Cornwall’s working-age pop earn less than living wage

Public-investment (government and EU) used to regenerate Cornwall - under model called objective one

33
Q

Explain objective ones impact on Cornwall?

A
  • backed 580 projects in Cornwall with 280 million
  • Cornish economy grew 5.8% (greater than UK average)
34
Q

Outline some of the key players involved in Cornwalls regeneration?

A
  • EU - offered funding
  • UK central government agencies - made investment grants
  • local government - public sector (NHS and council) is regions largest employer, offered start-up funding for businesses
  • environmental stakeholders - scenery and environment encourage tourism (biggest industry in region) and area has huge potential for renewables (wave and wind projects)
35
Q

Explain how combined universities in Cornwall has helped regeneration?

A

Cornwall university and exerted joined to created combined universities - increases range of available courses to develop a ‘knowledge economy’

  • also helps graduates set up businesses and secure local jobs in tech (helps stop ‘Cornish brain drain’)
  • supports local economy of bars and restaurants
36
Q

Explain how the project - wave hub in Cornwall has helped regeneration?

A
  • wave-power research project off the coast
  • will earn 76 million and create 200 jobs
  • offers potential creation of new-wave power industry for Cornwall
37
Q

Explain how the superfast broadband in Cornwall has helped regeneration?

A
  • 95% of region has access to fibre broadband
  • costs 132 million
  • encourages business and home working - created 2000 jobs
  • economic impacts of around 200 million a year
38
Q

Give 4 regeneration projects in Cornwall?

A
  • combined universities
  • wave hub
  • super-fast broadband
  • Eden project
39
Q

Give 4 benefits of Cornwall Eden project on the region?

A
  • generated a billion pounds for the economy
  • attracted 13 million visitors
  • employs 650 people directly and supports local supplies
  • increased tourism (helped reduced seasonal tourism) and overall profile of Cornwall
40
Q

Outline some of the key players in the 2012 London games - give 43

A
  • UK central government agency - oversaw the development of the Olympic park
  • local government - elected council - helped promote local regeneration
  • stakeholders in local economy - site of Olympic venues was former industrial estate, 5000 people had to be moved and compensated
41
Q

Outline some of the negatives and points of controversy with the London Olympic park - give 4?

A
  • venue - were on site of former industrial estate (5000 had to be moved and compensated) workers faced longer commutes
  • housing was supposed to be affordable - attractiveness of area raised house prices
  • athletes village on site of former housing estate - 450 residents had to be moved and relocated, breaking up the community (were supposed to return)
  • initial plan to convert 3000 units of athletes village into affordable housing cut to 800

A-level - Geography (21 decks)

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