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A-level - Geography > Topic 4 - Regeneration EQ1 > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Regeneration EQ1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define primary jobs?

A

A job that produces goods and services for customers that are predominantly outside the community, decreased greatly in post industrial times

  • include jobs like farming,mining,fishing and forestry
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2
Q

Define secondary jobs

A

Involve manufacturing and processing materials for example iron and steel and car manufacturing

  • decrease in post industrial time
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3
Q

Define tertiary jobs?

A

Involves the service sector with jobs like tourism and banking

  • main job in post industrial time
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4
Q

Define quaternary jobs?

A

Involve high tech research and design

  • slight increase in post industrial time
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5
Q

Define quinary jobs?

A

Involves knowledge management, consultant and leadership (CEOS)

  • slight increase in post industrial
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6
Q

What is the Clark-fisher model?what does it show?

A

Shows how economic activity changes over time, it focuses on how countries move from primary to secondary to tertiary sectors as they develop

  • idea that primary and secondary sectors decrease as a country develops
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7
Q

Define an informal job, explain how it differs to a formal job?

A

Job with no formal working agreement between employer and employees, no fixed wage of working hours - formal job have a contract with fixed wage and working hours

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8
Q

Explain the difference between a permanent job and a temporary job?

A

Permanent job is a long term job without a predetermined end date, temporary work is working for a set time

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9
Q

Explain the difference between full time and part time?

A

Full time is working more then 35 hours a week, part time is working less then 35 hours

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10
Q

Explain how you job can affect your quality of life?

A

Someone working an informal job is likely to be under more pressure as they do not have a fixed wage or working hours, this can make it hard with paying bills and rent as they do not know how much they will be making - might not be able to spend money on social actives like going out and eating at restraunts for example

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11
Q

Define three characteristics of a ‘place’?

A
  • can be used to describe an area or location
  • can be a completely artificial urban place or modified rural landscape
  • shaped by internal and external conditions
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12
Q

Explain how areas with high employment rates are linked with good health - look at Kingston for your answer?

A

Areas with high employment like Kingston (70%) will have a higher average income (£8000 more then uk average) and therefore more taxes which means more funding for healthcare and services - this explains why Kingston has a high percentage of people in good health 65%

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13
Q

Explain the link between low employment rates with health, refer to Hackney in your answer?

A

Hackney has an average employment rate of 60% but has an income of £29,500 (which is £6000 less then Kingston) this results in less money through taxes so their is a decreased budget for healthcare and services - explains why Hackney has 24% lower percentage of people in good health then Kingston

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14
Q

Explain how inequality of employment rates can affect social factors?

A

Higher number of people working (high employment rate) means there is more people working and earning money which they can spend on social activities like golf or eating out at restaurants - this results in a greater quality of life

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15
Q

What is the index of multiple deprivation (IMD) Explain how it can be used?

A

Measure where places are ranked by their relative level of deprivation, it is used by governments and local authorities to target regeneration, allocate resources and target hotspots of crime

  • data may be quantitive or qualitative
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16
Q

Explain the 2015 findings on IMD?

A
  • deprivation still concentrated in large urban areas which have a history of manufacturing and heavy industry - eg east London and Liverpool
  • many deprived London boroughs like hackney have become less deprived
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17
Q

Explain the impacts of unemployment?

A

Affects heath, life expectancy and education - for example Camden (one of Londons most deprived areas) 34% of children live in poverty, evidence shows that growing up in poverty increases the likelihood of dropping out of further education and therefore obtaining lower level qualifications making getting high paying jobs almost impossible

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18
Q

Explain why better education can lead to higher employment rates?

A

Areas like Kingston which higher average income and more taxes, will be able to spend more money on education thus providing a better education for students so more obtain level 4 qualifications (51%)

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19
Q

Explains Kingston’s function and characteristics in the 19th century?

A

Town grew rapidly with improved road and rail communications which allowed people to bring goods to the two

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20
Q

Explains Kingston’s function and characteristics in the 20th century?

A

Local industry declined and factories were redeveloped for offices,housing and restaurants

Pedestrianisation of most of Kingston has meant people could use the area for shopping, this has increased the number of shops in the area

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21
Q

Explain how Kingston is changing now - give 2 social factors?

A

Social changes - in order to meet the target 1364 houses to facilitate the expected population increase of 20,000 by 2029 there are plans to demolish and regenerate the Cambridge estate which could see 2000 new homes built, also plans to develop Canbury car park into 445 residential appartments

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22
Q

Explain how Kingston is changing now - give 2 economic factors?

A

There are plans to regenerate and improve Kingston’s historic character to provide a greater tourist attraction, makeover for Kingston’s ancient market by providing more space efficient stalls and improving lighting

-plans to reanimate Kingston’s all saints church which will allow it to participate in royal coronations

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23
Q

Explain how physical factors can change a place - give 2 examples?

A
  • dynamic changing landscapes present management challenges - sea level rise and climate change cause rapid coastal erosion so towns have to invest in flood defences
  • new policies and descions has seen farmland converted to large solar farms
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24
Q

Explain how accessibility can change a place - give 3 examples?

A
  • development of UK’s motorway and rail networks has resulted in a decline of former major railway towns
  • growth of regional airports has facilitated immigration from Eastern Europe to rural urban areas areas
  • upgrade of communication infrastructure - 2/3 of Uk has access to fibre optic broadband
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25
Q

Explain how historic development can change a place - give an example?

A
  • Some places have changed over time but their current layout and characetristics still reflect their history - historical sites like church’s and cathedrals can bring in tourism
  • eg Kingstons ancient market
26
Q

Explain how local and national planning can change a place - give 2 examples?

A
  • uk struggling with shortage of housing - national infrastructure plan has designated towns as ‘garden cities’
  • government building an east-west rail link between oxford and Cambridge - can result in an increase in house prices and congestion as they become more desirable places to live
27
Q

Explain how other factors can change a place - give an example?

A
  • globalisation and development in technology and communication means its more cost effective to manufacture goods abroad - caused deinstitutionalisation with a decrease in industry and manufacturing
28
Q

Explain what a garden city is?

A

A new town designed as a whole with more open space and greenery - national infrastructure plan has designated the town of Bicester as one

29
Q

Explain what the function of an area is?

A

The function of an area is its reason, job or purpose for being. In urban areas this relates to the purpose of a land use for residential areas, recreation, industry etc.

30
Q

Why might a places industrial function change?

A

Places like Liverpool and east London were originally large industrial and manufacturing areas with lots of factories however due to globalisation and improved communications, manufacturing is cheaper abroad (in places like Asia) this has led to deindustrialisation

31
Q

Why might a places administrative and commercial functions change?

A

Areas like Kingston which have good connections, fibre optic broadband and services are attractive to global companies and will see TNCS setting up headquarters

  • for example Lidl headquarters in Tolworth
32
Q

Why might a places retail function change?

A

As online shopping and e-commerce grows and becomes easier, places might see a decrease in shops

Areas like Kingston have lots of global brands for example nike,adidas and primark

33
Q

What are the demographic characteristics of a place?

A

the people who live in an area; their age and ethnicity.

34
Q

Why might a places ethnic composition change (demographic change)?

A

Migrants arriving from the Caribbean,West Africa and India after the Second World War clustered together in major cities

  • Jamaican migrants settled near Brixton in south London
  • Indian workers settled around South hall in west London
35
Q

Why might a places age composition change (demographic change)?

A

Inner city places with bustling night life and social facilities like pubs,night clubs,bars near a university will attract a younger population also more jobs will attract young workers looking for employment as opposed to older people who might prefer a quieter area perhaps the suburbs or RUF

36
Q

What is gentrification, give an example of a location which has undergone gentrification?

A

the process of renovating a place to make it more attractive to the middle class and business world. An example of a place which has undergone gentrification is the London Docklands

37
Q

Give 4 key methods to measure changes within places?

A
  • land-use change
  • employment trends
  • demographic changes
  • levels of deprivation
38
Q

Give an example of how quantitive methods can measure change?

A
  • land use maps
  • census data
39
Q

Give an example of how qualitative methods can measure change?

A
  • surveys
  • anecdotal oral histories
40
Q

Describe the location of the Docklands?

A

east London in south east England

41
Q

Explain the changes that led to the decline of the London docklands - give 3 reasons and briefly explain why?

A
  • containerisation - ships are too large nowadays due to carrying more goods - dock was not large enough for these ships
  • improvements in air travel - goods can be moved via aeroplanes, decrease in ships
  • docks damaged badly in the war and would be expensive to repair
42
Q

Explain why regenerating the London docklands was important and how was it able to be developed successfully ?

A
  • lots of land very close to central London, so it required lots of planning which meant government agency’s were involved, and aimed at encouraging growth by brining in artchitects,construction companies and investors
  • tax incentives were provided to encourage investment
43
Q

Explain how London docklands has now changed - give 4 ways?

A
  • population is now much younger with the average age being 31 (9 years below uk average)
  • increased ethnic diversity - new culture
  • increase in quaternary jobs and high paying jobs - employment rates are much higher
  • Newham is no longer most deprived area - still some poverty
44
Q

Explain two features which are key to the success of the London docklands?

A

accessibility and connectedness
- extension of the jubilee line
- developing the docklands light railway

  • creating London city airport (5km from Canary Wharf)
45
Q

Explain 2 of the remaining problems the London Docklands faces?

A
  • Regeneration has not completely removed deprivation - high income earners are the minority
  • 27% of people working in Newham earn less than £7 an hour
46
Q

How do socio-economic changes influence peoples identities?

A

Cities often bring together identity politics and minority influences, high immigration levels in London have caused ‘super diversity’ - example is Southhall in west London which has increasing mixed Indian and Somali community

47
Q

How do socio-economic conflicts influence places identities?

A

Racial testimonies and other civil rights issues and LGBTQ movements may cause an area to adopt a new identity - for example Manchester canal street became the centre of the ‘gay village’ when the gay community clustered together to avoid persecution

48
Q

How can changing pattern cause a place to change identity?

A

Changing identity could come from changing patterns, for example town centres are changing and loosing shops as e-commerce and online shopping becomes more popular

49
Q

How have rural areas changed?what had helped this change?

A

Increase in communications infrastructure with the introduction of rural broadband has allowed teenagers and residents to be able to communicate with friends and work, this also means there is a gap developing between connected online residents and the digitally excluded residents who remain dependent on the local town

50
Q

How have regional influences shaped Kingston - give 3 ways?

A
  • amazing transport - 2 bus stations/213/x26/train station and nearby Heathrow airport
  • lots of social services - stores,cinemas,bowling alley,pubs and night clubs
  • good roads - A3 and M25 take you to Heathrow or London
51
Q

Explain how Kingston’s connectives and transport has helped it develop - Give 4 examples?

A
  • Kingston has 105 bus stops which serve the 33 bus routes
  • buses like the x26 which can take you to Heathrow or Croydon
  • train station which has trains every 15 min and can take you to London in 30 mins
  • 2 bus stations with buses that can take you to Trafalgar Square or Epsom
52
Q

How have national influences shaped Kingston?

A

Kingston is held by the Liberal Democrat’s who aim at supporting the most vulnerable and giving children the best start in life and also flinging sustainable solutions to address climate change - focus on social and economic development

53
Q

How have international influences shaped Kingston - give 3 examples?

A
  • Kingston has great diversity - 68% white and 33% black,asian and other ethnic groups - new Malden has largest South Korean population of around 10,000
  • council aims to be Caron neutral in its operations by 2030 - new policies and development
  • Kingston is easily accessible to London due to buses, trains and the A3
54
Q

How have global influences shaped Kingston?

A
  • very good broadband speeds, provide a stable internet connection allowing for global companies and TNCSO to relocate
  • lots of global brands for example Nike, Hollister,north face and Zara - attracts lots of people
55
Q

How have regional influences shaped Hackney - give 3 examples?

A
  • 4 London overground tube stations - allowing for easy commute across London and setting up of business’s - economic factor
  • nearby rail station which has 4 rail services, as well as the A10 which runs from north to central London
  • good social life with parks,pubs and restraunts which allow for a wide range of people to use
56
Q

How have national influences shaped Hackney - give 2 examples?

A
  • labour government in power who is responsible for financial management and delivery of funding - focus on social development
  • new growth of industries because of Canary Wharf and Stratford since ww2 - financial businesses
57
Q

How have international influences shaped Hackney - give 2 examples?

A
  • in 2016 there was a £1 billion investment to build thousands of affordable homes in Hackney and London - economic and social factor
  • large Jewish community which has partnered with Israel - involves exchanges between schools and hospitals - social factor
58
Q

How have global influences shaped Hackney - give 3 examples?

A
  • high broadband speeds allow for internation connections with other places globally - encourages tech firms to invest and set up HQ
  • lots of global brands located here including nike store - some global fashion brands have HQ in hackney - social/economic factor
  • good result in global brands out completing local brands - economic factor
59
Q

Define regeneration?what are some ways an area can be regenerated?

A

strategies to improve an area - this could be through the construction of infrastructure, development of new housing, refurbishing the existing buildings, encouraging investment or any other activity that would improve an area

60
Q

Explain how international and global influences shape a place, give examples?

A
  • UKs global connections developed during the time of the British empire - has resulted in increased diversity in the uk
  • some ethnic groups have suffered from prejudice attacks, but many towns have benefited from immigration because they now have a younger population willing to work

A-level - Geography (21 decks)

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