Topic 1 - Tectonic Processes And Hazards EQ3✅ Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain evidence for why we are living in a more hazardous world?

A
  • risks seem to be increasing for many people - especially those in middle income and poorest groups
  • increase in hazard vulnerability mostly due to human factors rather than physical (pattern indicates not a significant increase in tectonic hazards over last 50 years)
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2
Q

Define rapid and slow onset?

A

Determines the rate and warning at which hazards materialise

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3
Q

Define geophysical hazards - give some examples?

A

Tectonic hazards (earthquakes, volcanos, tsunamis and landslides)

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4
Q

Define meteorological hazards?

A

From the weather such as cyclones, storms or waves

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5
Q

Define hydrological disasters?

A

Water hazards - floods or avalanches

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6
Q

Define climatological disasters?

A

Droughts, heats and fires

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7
Q

Define hydro-meteorological disasters?

A

Combination of water and weather, often flash flood events

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8
Q

Define biological disasters?

A

Disease epidemics or insect viruses - eg bird flu

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9
Q

Outline tectonic disaster trends since 1960 focusing on occurrence?

A
  • tectonic hazards are becoming more common
  • hydrological disasters are growing the fastest out of all natural disasters
  • tectonic hazards have somewhat increased since 1980 - mainly fluctuate with spikes for example in 1997 and 2000
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10
Q

Outline tectonic disaster trends since 1960 focusing on deaths?

A
  • deaths from tectonic activity have increased - hydrological disasters cause far more deaths than any other hazard
  • number of deaths from geophysical hazards appear to be stable - approx 10-30,000 deaths
  • peaks in death toll are either large scale disasters or tectonic events in developing countries
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11
Q

Outline tectonic disaster trends since 1960 focusing on cost?

A
  • meteorological disasters are the most expensive natural disaster
  • tectonic disasters have a increasing trend - however may be skewed by some major spike events
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12
Q

Outline tectonic disaster trends since 1960 focusing on affected?

A
  • number of people being victims from hydrological is highest out of all hazards
  • number of people affected by geophysical disasters appear to be increasing - with average close to 5000 with spikes to 50,000
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13
Q

Outline and explain the 4 biggest issues preventing accurate and reliable data sets regarding disaster statistics?

A
  • do you include direct (primary) or indirect (secondary) deaths as well - for example aid workers who dies in Haiti would they be counted as primary deaths
  • political bias may prevent accurate deceleration of data - 2004 tsunami in Myanmar the government did not want to show weakness by stating its losses - tourism is important in region, meaning numbers were reported lower
  • no single organisation responsible for collecting data, so sources vary (also unlikely main focus is to recover and count bodies straight after disaster)
  • trends can be upset by a cluster of mega-disasters (catastrophes) such as 2004, 11 and 15 in Nepal
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14
Q

Summarise and outline what a mega disaster ‘catastrophe’ is?

A
  • large scale - both spatial and economic, due to their scale they are complex to manage and often require international support
  • high-impact and low probability events - due to low likelihood and high costs of preparing countries are often ill prepared
  • have major influence on world and world regions - for example trade, finance and production
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15
Q

Explain how mega disasters can have impacts on production and supply chains?

A
  • high-value manufacturing is at risk due to its just-in-time (JIT) business model
  • consequences of high-impact, low probability events means it spreads rapidly across economic and geographic boundaries - creating impacts which are difficult to plan fir
  • 2011 Japanese earthquake saw a reduction of 5% in country’s GDP but saw wider impact for TNCS like Toyota and Sony (forced to halt production)
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16
Q

Explain the acronym HILP and its relationship to mega disasters?

A

High-impact, low prob
- require rapid responses at a global level
- due to low probability and high costs of mitigation there is often low levels of preparation

17
Q

Explain some of the social impacts from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami?

A
  • deaths from 46 countries - 500 died from Germany and Sweden - due to tourism
  • killed 280,000 people - displaced over 500,000 people
  • left 1.7 million homeless
  • loss of livelihoods - destroyed businesses/fishing boats ext
18
Q

Explain some of the environmental impacts from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami?

A
  • smaller slammer islands were completely destroyed - coastal villages completely destroyed (high levels of homeless)
  • fires broke out and destroyed water pipes - led to pollution (human and chemical waste)
  • many ecosystems destroyed (led to loss of tourism and food)
  • coral reefs destroyed - increases vulnerability of shore lines and reduces possible medicine
19
Q

Explain some of the economic impacts from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami?

A
  • damage to assets was 6 billion and damage to infrastructure was 4 billion
  • distrusted trade routes - Bangladesh
  • tourism impacted
20
Q

Explain briefly the context of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami?

A
  • huge tsunami
  • high magnitude ext
21
Q

Explain some context for the 2010 eruption in Iceland - Eyjafallajokull?

A
  • relatively small erruption
  • first time volcano erupted In over 190 years - unprepared and unexpected
  • impacted supply chain, manufacturing and transportation of perishable goods (wide international consequences)
22
Q

Explain 3 social impacts of the 2010 eruption in Iceland - Eyjafallajokull?

A
  • ash eruption directly impacted flight paths - disrupting 100,0000 flights over Europe and to North America as winds directed ash (economic + social)
  • tourists were stranded away from home - airlines lost 200 million/day (economic + social)
  • sports affected - football teams could not travel to game + music bands could not reach California for a festival (social)
23
Q

Explain 4 economic impacts of the 2010 eruption in Iceland - Eyjafallajokull?

A
  • tourism and business impacted - 3 billion lost (economic)
  • fresh fish from Iceland had to be stored - reduced sales (economic)
  • car parts could not reach European factories - BMW production down 7000 vehicles in a week (economic)
  • perishable agricultural products rotted in UK warehouses - loss of 2 million per day (economic)
24
Q

Explain some context for the 2011 Japanese tsunami - tohoku?

A
  • affected places around Pacific Ocean (destroying docks and boast)
  • wave was 2m high
25
Q

Explain 3 economic impacts Of the 2011 Japanese tsunami - tohoku?

A
  • decline in Japans manufacturing - specifically supply of semi-conductors and tech products
  • damage to Fukushima reactors, released radioactivity - encouraged countries to rethink about safe energy (Germany switched from nuclear energy, closed all reactors and encouraged solar energy)
  • worldwide availability and affordability of natural gas affected by japans increased demand
26
Q

Explain 5 social impacts Of the 2011 Japanese tsunami - tohoku?

A
  • Displacement - thousands of families were displaced from their homes, and some were separated during evacuation
  • 15,899 deaths (2,527 missing and presumed dead)
  • 332,395 buildings destroyed or damaged
  • 300 hospitals damaged, and 11 destroyed
  • Over 4.4 million households without electricity
27
Q

1.7C

A