Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A-level - Geography > Topic 1 - Tectonic Processes And Hazards EQ3 > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Tectonic Processes And Hazards EQ3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

Explain evidence for why we are living in a more hazardous world?

A
  • risks seem to be increasing for many people - especially those in middle income and poorest groups
  • increase in hazard vulnerability mostly due to human factors rather than physical (pattern indicates not a significant increase in tectonic hazards over last 50 years)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define rapid and slow onset?

A

Determines the rate and warning at which hazards materialise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define geophysical hazards - give some examples?

A

Tectonic hazards (earthquakes, volcanos, tsunamis and landslides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define meteorological hazards?

A

From the weather such as cyclones, storms or waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define hydrological disasters?

A

Water hazards - floods or avalanches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define climatological disasters?

A

Droughts, heats and fires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define hydro-meteorological disasters?

A

Combination of water and weather, often flash flood events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define biological disasters?

A

Disease epidemics or insect viruses - eg bird flu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Outline tectonic disaster trends since 1960 focusing on occurrence?

A
  • tectonic hazards are becoming more common
  • hydrological disasters are growing the fastest out of all natural disasters
  • tectonic hazards have somewhat increased since 1980 - mainly fluctuate with spikes for example in 1997 and 2000
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Outline tectonic disaster trends since 1960 focusing on deaths?

A
  • deaths from tectonic activity have increased - hydrological disasters cause far more deaths than any other hazard
  • number of deaths from geophysical hazards appear to be stable - approx 10-30,000 deaths
  • peaks in death toll are either large scale disasters or tectonic events in developing countries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Outline tectonic disaster trends since 1960 focusing on cost?

A
  • meteorological disasters are the most expensive natural disaster
  • tectonic disasters have a increasing trend - however may be skewed by some major spike events
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Outline tectonic disaster trends since 1960 focusing on affected?

A
  • number of people being victims from hydrological is highest out of all hazards
  • number of people affected by geophysical disasters appear to be increasing - with average close to 5000 with spikes to 50,000
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Outline and explain the 4 biggest issues preventing accurate and reliable data sets regarding disaster statistics?

A
  • do you include direct (primary) or indirect (secondary) deaths as well - for example aid workers who dies in Haiti would they be counted as primary deaths
  • political bias may prevent accurate deceleration of data - 2004 tsunami in Myanmar the government did not want to show weakness by stating its losses - tourism is important in region, meaning numbers were reported lower
  • no single organisation responsible for collecting data, so sources vary (also unlikely main focus is to recover and count bodies straight after disaster)
  • trends can be upset by a cluster of mega-disasters (catastrophes) such as 2004, 11 and 15 in Nepal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Summarise and outline what a mega disaster ‘catastrophe’ is?

A
  • large scale - both spatial and economic, due to their scale they are complex to manage and often require international support
  • high-impact and low probability events - due to low likelihood and high costs of preparing countries are often ill prepared
  • have major influence on world and world regions - for example trade, finance and production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain how mega disasters can have impacts on production and supply chains?

A
  • high-value manufacturing is at risk due to its just-in-time (JIT) business model
  • consequences of high-impact, low probability events means it spreads rapidly across economic and geographic boundaries - creating impacts which are difficult to plan fir
  • 2011 Japanese earthquake saw a reduction of 5% in country’s GDP but saw wider impact for TNCS like Toyota and Sony (forced to halt production)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain the acronym HILP and its relationship to mega disasters?

A

High-impact, low prob
- require rapid responses at a global level
- due to low probability and high costs of mitigation there is often low levels of preparation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain some of the social impacts from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami?

A
  • deaths from 46 countries - 500 died from Germany and Sweden - due to tourism
  • killed 280,000 people - displaced over 500,000 people
  • left 1.7 million homeless
  • loss of livelihoods - destroyed businesses/fishing boats ext
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain some of the environmental impacts from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami?

A
  • smaller slammer islands were completely destroyed - coastal villages completely destroyed (high levels of homeless)
  • fires broke out and destroyed water pipes - led to pollution (human and chemical waste)
  • many ecosystems destroyed (led to loss of tourism and food)
  • coral reefs destroyed - increases vulnerability of shore lines and reduces possible medicine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain some of the economic impacts from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami?

A
  • damage to assets was 6 billion and damage to infrastructure was 4 billion
  • distrusted trade routes - Bangladesh
  • tourism impacted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain briefly the context of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami?

A
  • huge tsunami
  • high magnitude ext
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain some context for the 2010 eruption in Iceland - Eyjafallajokull?

A
  • relatively small erruption
  • first time volcano erupted In over 190 years - unprepared and unexpected
  • impacted supply chain, manufacturing and transportation of perishable goods (wide international consequences)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Explain 3 social impacts of the 2010 eruption in Iceland - Eyjafallajokull?

A
  • ash eruption directly impacted flight paths - disrupting 100,0000 flights over Europe and to North America as winds directed ash (economic + social)
  • tourists were stranded away from home - airlines lost 200 million/day (economic + social)
  • sports affected - football teams could not travel to game + music bands could not reach California for a festival (social)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Explain 4 economic impacts of the 2010 eruption in Iceland - Eyjafallajokull?

A
  • tourism and business impacted - 3 billion lost (economic)
  • fresh fish from Iceland had to be stored - reduced sales (economic)
  • car parts could not reach European factories - BMW production down 7000 vehicles in a week (economic)
  • perishable agricultural products rotted in UK warehouses - loss of 2 million per day (economic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Explain some context for the 2011 Japanese tsunami - tohoku?

A
  • affected places around Pacific Ocean (destroying docks and boast)
  • wave was 2m high
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Explain 3 economic impacts Of the 2011 Japanese tsunami - tohoku?

A
  • decline in Japans manufacturing - specifically supply of semi-conductors and tech products
  • damage to Fukushima reactors, released radioactivity - encouraged countries to rethink about safe energy (Germany switched from nuclear energy, closed all reactors and encouraged solar energy)
  • worldwide availability and affordability of natural gas affected by japans increased demand
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Explain 5 social impacts Of the 2011 Japanese tsunami - tohoku?

A
  • Displacement - thousands of families were displaced from their homes, and some were separated during evacuation
  • 15,899 deaths (2,527 missing and presumed dead)
  • 332,395 buildings destroyed or damaged
  • 300 hospitals damaged, and 11 destroyed
  • Over 4.4 million households without electricity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define multiple-hazard zones and disaster hotspots?

A

Places where a number of physical hazards combine to create an increased level of risk for a country and its population

  • made worse by factors like a vulnerable population (GDP/population density/wealth) or repeated events (gives no time to recover) - often seen as disaster hotspots
28
Q

Explain where the multiple-hazard zones are located and where there’s the possibility for disaster hotspots?

A

Eastern Asia has a multiple-hazard zone where there are both zones of tropical storms (cyclones) and winter storms as well as tectonic and tsunami activity which combined with numerous fast growing areas (some of the most in the world) - explains why 73% of Taiwan population and area is exposed and the 4 different hazards they are exposed to

29
Q

Outline and explain why large urban areas are often zones of multiple-hazard risk - give 4?

A
  • Cities are economic cores as a natural focus for investment and development (implications for global financial markets)
  • They are often centres of growing populations due to rapid urbanisation in most developing countries (high dependency on infrastructure)
  • Many cities have large areas that are unplanned/ poor-quality housing/ densely
    populated/ on marginal or potentially dangerous sites (inappropriate construction leads to many deaths)
  • ecological imbalance - rapid urbanisation destroys ecosystems - deforestation increases chance of flash floods
30
Q

Outline and explain a one hazard event in the Philippines?

A
  • 2006 earthquake killed 15 people, injured 100, damaged/ destroyed 800 buildings
  • generated a 3 meters high tsunami
  • this triggered landslides, which breached the crater wall of a volcano and fell into a
    lake, creating a flood that washed away houses
31
Q

Explain the effects of different hazard events happening in a short space of time - focus on the events of Philippines?

A
  • 3 natural disasters within 3 months in the Philippines
  • October 2013- earthquake killing 233 people
  • November 2013- Typhoon Haiyan killed 6201 people
  • January 2014 - floods from a tropical depression killed 64 people
32
Q

Outline some of the physical risks present in the Philippines - give 5?

A
  • main risk is typhoons (typically 5-6 storms a year) lies on a major storm track
  • volcanoes - very common, frequent and violent (andesitic magma)
  • earthquakes - subduction zone - frequent but vary in depth
  • flooding
  • droughts (rare but El Niño does cause these)
33
Q

Outline some of the human risks in the Philippines - give 3?

A
  • rapidly developing lower-middle income country (GDP 7000) - many of country poor live in areas prone to flooding, tsunamis and sea surges (made worse by poor building quality)
  • 25% of people live in poverty - capital city has 2.8 million people in poor quality housing
  • rapid urbanisation (up 45%) with 42 million living in urban areas (high rural to urban migration - looking for jobs)
34
Q

Outline the impacts of the Bohol earthquake in the Philippines?

A
  • epicentre of 7.1 magnitude quake - beneath island of Bohol (damaged 2 of the country’s oldest churches)
  • low-rise buildings collapsed - roads were cut in 2 by landslides
  • 73,000 structures damaged - 200 dead with 1000 injured
35
Q

Outline the economic impacts of the 2013 typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines?

A
  • overall economic impact estimated at $5.8 billion
  • Six million workers lost their sources of income.
  • agriculture destroyed affecting the country’s international trade and farmers’ incomes.
  • Tacloban’s city airport was severely damaged, affecting business and tourism.
36
Q

Outline the social and environmental impacts of the 2013 typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines?

A

social
- 7000 killed - 1.9 mill homeless
- outbreak of disease (lack of sanitation,food, water and medication)

Environmental
- flooding destroyed houses and businesses
- 71,000- hectares of farmland destroyed
- oil spill caused by flooding - affected mangroves

37
Q

Outline the impacts of the 2015 typhoon Koppu in the Philippines?

A
  • second strongest typhoon to hit the country in the year
  • 500,000 displaced
  • flood in impacted housing and rainfall caused landslides
  • 54 deaths - drowning + injuries
38
Q

Explain the relation between prediction and forecasting of earthquakes?

A

Earthquakes can not yet be predicted (actual time and location) but the risk and probability can be forecast since its based on statistical likelihood of an event happening at a location

  • ability to predict is useful as it can encourage prevention, pre reaction, response and recovery to be planned in high risk locations
39
Q

Explain some of the methods used for predicting and forecasting tectonic hazards - focusing specifically on volcanos?

A
  • GPS positioning systems measuring changes in size/shape of volcano (therefore the build up of magma)
  • scientists can measure thermal temperatures of volcanic rock - and identity when magma is rising close to surface
  • collecting gas samples (sulphur dioxide) during eruption, emission rates increase
  • robotic ‘spiders’ can travel into vents to collect rock samples, testing temp and mineral content
40
Q

Explain some of the methods used for predicting and forecasting tectonic hazards - focusing specifically on earthquakes?

A
  • seismic gap theory - ideal all parts of the fault will move
  • animal behaviour
  • research speed of underground magma movement
41
Q

Explain some of the methods used for predicting and forecasting tectonic hazards - focusing specifically on tsunamis?

A
  • recorders on seabed monitors changes in pressure, can detect tsunami as small as 1cm - acoustic link transmits data to moored surface buoy which relays the data to a satellite which transmits data to ground stations

(Problem is these are generally located in deep ocean, so will not detect shallower activity)

42
Q

Explain the model - hazard management cycle?

A
  • a theoretical model
  • process in which governments and other organisations work together to protect people from natural hazards
  • involves key players like governments (local, regional and national level) International organisations, business and community groups

Eg making buildings earthquake resistant (Mitigation) will reduce problems in responding and recovering from earthquakes

43
Q

Explain the model - park model?

A
  • shows how a country might respond after a hazard event (can be used for comparisons of countries at different levels of development and how they recover)
  • can be used to help plan and understand risk and resilience - and to better prepare to future events
44
Q

Explain how the park model is used?

A
  • Impacts of the event change over time - e.g. depending on size, development, aid received
  • All events have different impacts, so their curves differ - e.g. fast vs slow occurring events will have differing responses.
  • Wealthier countries will have different curves to developing as they are able to recover faster
45
Q

Define hazard mitigation?

A

Strategies meant to avoid, delay or prevent hazard events (eg land-use zoning, diverting land flow and engineering)

46
Q

Define hazard adaptation?

A

Strategies designed to reduced the impacts of hazard events (high-tech monitoring , modelling hazard impacts and community preparedness)

47
Q

Explain how we can modify tectonic events?

A
  • earthquakes are unpredictable (cant predict time or place)
  • volcanic eruptions can be modified by using lava dispersion barriers or by spraying seawater to cool and solidify lava flow or by draining crater lakes to reduce risk of Lahars
  • tsunamis can be modified by changing offshore coastal environments - by building barriers like sea walls or mangrove forests

Engineers and scientists work together to develop advanced technology and satellite imaging to better prepare

48
Q

Outline and explain what land-use zoning is as an example of strategy to modify the event?

A

Process where local government planners regulate how land in a community is used - effective method for protecting people and property in areas at risk

49
Q

Evaluate the usefulness of land use zoning?

A
  • area around around a risk (eg volcano) is divided into zones based on the likely type and level of damage from an eruption - planners than decided how to use that land (limits certain infrastructure - nuclear power plants and development of area which offers natural protection eg mangrove forests) positive
  • less common in developing countries explains why hazard events here cause more damage and destruction negative
  • hard to change land use of urban areas that has already been built on negative
  • potential a low cost solution - requires planners positive
50
Q

Outline and explain what diverting lava flow is as an example of strategy to modify the event?

A

Method which involves attempting to divert lava flow away from people and communities - to safer directions done through building barriers and digging channels

51
Q

Evaluate the usefulness of diverting lava flow?

A
  • path taken by lava is hard to predict - making it difficult to know where to build the wall or dig the channels negative
  • the terrain has to be suitable (eg downward slope to aid flow) negative
  • stopping the lava flowing towards one community may push it to another negative
  • can prevent damage to infrastructure and high value property positive
52
Q

Explain some of the methods for diverting lava flows?

A
  • water sprays - seawater pumped from the ocean can be sprayed on the lava, appears to be successful and drastically decreases lava temperature
  • explosives - can be used in some situations to halt the advance of lava by depriving it of supply
53
Q

Outline and explain what geographical information information system (GIS) mapping is as an example of strategy to modify the event?

A

GIS can be used in all stages of the disaster management cycle - for example to identify where evacuation routes should be placed to to help with rescue and recovery options

  • GIS is maps showing various elements (population densities, hospitals, residencies, fire departments, governments)
54
Q

Evaluate the usefulness of geographical information system (GIS)?

A
  • aid agencies and governments can easily see where aid should be directed and where it may be difficult to reach - which reduces response time positive
  • expensive and may require advanced technology to maintain and direct response live negative
55
Q

Outline and explain what hazard resistant design and engineering defences is as an example of strategy to modify the event?

A

Possible to design and construct buildings that can withstand tectonic events with planning, government monitoring and control in developed and developing countries

56
Q

Outline some of the hazard-resistant design and engineering defences?

A
  • new building and structures can be designed to resist ground shaking during earthquakes
  • roof of houses built near volcanoes can be sloped - reduce amount of ash building up (reduce risk of collapse)
  • protective structures such as sea walls or retaining walls can stop impact of tsunamis
57
Q

Evaluate the usefulness of hazard resistant design and engineering defences?

A
  • can be expensive to implement and maintain properly - may not be an option for developing countries, if they do it the resources used may not be of a high standard and lead to collapse/destruction negative
  • can be added to existing buildings - process called retrofitting positive
58
Q

Outline and explain what high tech monitoring is as an example of strategy to modify vulnerability and resilience - give some examples of different ones?

A

Technology plays important role in helping communities and individuals to become less vulnerable to hazard events - allow scientists to learn about these processes and improve prediction accuracy

  • early warning systems - detect signs of tectonic activity and informs authorities
  • satellite communication technology - helps transit data from monitoring equipment so early warnings can be issued
  • mobile phone technology - used to communicate rapid warnings
59
Q

Outline and explain what crisis mapping is as an example of strategy to modify vulnerability and resilience?

A

Online resource allowing groups to create live interactive maps set up a map site - local people began providing information, such as where people were trapped and plotted these location on maps which were used by aid workers

60
Q

Outline and explain what education is as an example of strategy to modify vulnerability and resilience?

A

Helps people understand what they can do to protect themselves during and after hazard events (more kids focused)

  • practising emergency procedures (Japanese children practise 4 times a year)
  • encouraging households and workplaces to create emergency preparedness kits
  • education on how to construct earthquake proof buildings
61
Q

Outline and explain what community preparedness and adaption is as an example of strategy to modify vulnerability and resilience?

A
  • involves actual people living in a community - best way to develop plans and educate people (especially relevant in low income countries) more effective when organisation and co-ordinated
  • creating lists of vulnerable people who may need assistance (elderly)
  • organising practice evacuation events
  • providing first aid courses
62
Q

Explain strategies to modify loss - mention immediate response, players involved (volunteers + NGOs)?

A

After tectonic event immediate response by authorities is important - includes fully equipped rescue efforts and relief aid (water, blankets,food and shelter) to prevent deaths from exposure, hunger and thirst

  • NGOs may be involved (CAFOD and Red Crescent may provide relief
  • volunteers are also essential for communication and relief (Kobe 1995 has 1.2 million volunteers)
63
Q

Explain the role of aid in managing loss after tectonic events - what are the types of aid and who are the players involved?

A
  • emergency aid - through provide food, clean water and shelter
  • short term aid - restoring water supplies by providing temporary shelter
  • longer term aid - reconstructing buildings and infrastructure, redeveloping the economy and managing programmes to reduce future disasters

Can involve governments (both affected and others) NGOs (charities) IGOs (UN) and in some cases financial aid through the insurance industry

64
Q

What is the role of NGOs in responding to disasters and tectonic events?

A

Involved where local governments are struggling to respond (or who lack the resources) they can provide funds (are a charity though so limited resources) co-ordinate searches and rescue efforts

involved in all stages of the hazard-management cycle - remain in affected areas for years to help redevelopment but also before disasters to train and increase resilience

65
Q

explain the role of insures in disasters and tectonic events?

A
  • more prominent in developed countries
  • work with governments to recover and respond to financial losses
  • not really available or affordable in developing countries - majority of people have much more important pressing economic matters rather than a earthquake which could happen
66
Q

explain the role of insures in disasters and tectonic events?

A
  • more prominent in developed countries
  • work with governments to recover and respond to financial losses
  • not really available or affordable in developing countries - majority of people have much more important pressing economic matters rather than a earthquake which could happen
67
Q

explain the role of communities in disasters and tectonic events?

A

Local people are the first to respond and are crucial in the immediate search-and-rescue efforts

  • in remote locations it can take days for aid to arrive - local people have to undertake recovery efforts themselves (2015 Afghanistan earthquake saw villagers in mountains establish groups which traveled to remote areas to search for injured people)

likely to be better in developing countries as there is less reliance on professionals

A-level - Geography (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions