Topic 1 - Tectonic Processes And Hazards EQ3✅ Flashcards
Explain evidence for why we are living in a more hazardous world?
- risks seem to be increasing for many people - especially those in middle income and poorest groups
- increase in hazard vulnerability mostly due to human factors rather than physical (pattern indicates not a significant increase in tectonic hazards over last 50 years)
Define rapid and slow onset?
Determines the rate and warning at which hazards materialise
Define geophysical hazards - give some examples?
Tectonic hazards (earthquakes, volcanos, tsunamis and landslides)
Define meteorological hazards?
From the weather such as cyclones, storms or waves
Define hydrological disasters?
Water hazards - floods or avalanches
Define climatological disasters?
Droughts, heats and fires
Define hydro-meteorological disasters?
Combination of water and weather, often flash flood events
Define biological disasters?
Disease epidemics or insect viruses - eg bird flu
Outline tectonic disaster trends since 1960 focusing on occurrence?
- tectonic hazards are becoming more common
- hydrological disasters are growing the fastest out of all natural disasters
- tectonic hazards have somewhat increased since 1980 - mainly fluctuate with spikes for example in 1997 and 2000
Outline tectonic disaster trends since 1960 focusing on deaths?
- deaths from tectonic activity have increased - hydrological disasters cause far more deaths than any other hazard
- number of deaths from geophysical hazards appear to be stable - approx 10-30,000 deaths
- peaks in death toll are either large scale disasters or tectonic events in developing countries
Outline tectonic disaster trends since 1960 focusing on cost?
- meteorological disasters are the most expensive natural disaster
- tectonic disasters have a increasing trend - however may be skewed by some major spike events
Outline tectonic disaster trends since 1960 focusing on affected?
- number of people being victims from hydrological is highest out of all hazards
- number of people affected by geophysical disasters appear to be increasing - with average close to 5000 with spikes to 50,000
Outline and explain the 4 biggest issues preventing accurate and reliable data sets regarding disaster statistics?
- do you include direct (primary) or indirect (secondary) deaths as well - for example aid workers who dies in Haiti would they be counted as primary deaths
- political bias may prevent accurate deceleration of data - 2004 tsunami in Myanmar the government did not want to show weakness by stating its losses - tourism is important in region, meaning numbers were reported lower
- no single organisation responsible for collecting data, so sources vary (also unlikely main focus is to recover and count bodies straight after disaster)
- trends can be upset by a cluster of mega-disasters (catastrophes) such as 2004, 11 and 15 in Nepal
Summarise and outline what a mega disaster ‘catastrophe’ is?
- large scale - both spatial and economic, due to their scale they are complex to manage and often require international support
- high-impact and low probability events - due to low likelihood and high costs of preparing countries are often ill prepared
- have major influence on world and world regions - for example trade, finance and production
Explain how mega disasters can have impacts on production and supply chains?
- high-value manufacturing is at risk due to its just-in-time (JIT) business model
- consequences of high-impact, low probability events means it spreads rapidly across economic and geographic boundaries - creating impacts which are difficult to plan fir
- 2011 Japanese earthquake saw a reduction of 5% in country’s GDP but saw wider impact for TNCS like Toyota and Sony (forced to halt production)