Topic 1 - Tectonic Processes And Hazards EQ2 Flashcards
Explain what a natural hazard is?
Natural processes (earthquake/volcano) which has the potential to cause loss of life or injury, property damage and socio-economic disruption - requires people at or near its location to be a hazard
- can be different in size depending on expected magnitude/intensity
Explain what a disaster is?
A serious disruption of the functioning community or society involving widespread human material, economic or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the affected community or society’s ability to cope using its own resources
- implies 500 or more deaths
Explain what a catastrophe is - what are some of the feature?
A disaster which has profound impacts on life and property - over 2000 deaths or over 200,000 made homeless or GDP of a country is reduced by 5% or dependence on aid from abroad for a year or more after the event
Explain what risks are in regard to natural hazards?
The probability of a hazard causing harmful consequences (loss of life, injures and damage)
Explain what vulnerability is in regard to natural hazards?
Geographical conditions which increases the susceptibility of a community to a hazards or to the impact of a hazard event
- dependent on the ability to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from a hazard
Explain what resilience is in regard to natural hazards?
The ability of a community exposed to hazards to resit, absorb and recover from the effects of a hazard
- determined by the degree to which the community has necessary resources and is capable of organising itself both prior to and during times of need
Explain the equation in which relates to risk and hazard?
Risk = Hazard x vulnerability
Outline and explain some of the dynamic variables which result in a complex relationship between risk, hazards and vulnerability - give 4?
- unpredictably - many hazards are unpredictable, leaving people caught out
- lack of alternatives - most due to economic aspects - eg people living in an earthquake region due to lack of wealth to move
- dynamic hazards - threat of hazard can increase or decrease over time - human influence can affect this
- cost-benefit - benefits of living in hazardous location outweighing the costs
Outline the role of Deggs model?
Risk to people can be shown as a venn diagram it shows interaction between hazards, disasters and human vulnerability and how they combine to create a level of risk
- the more severe the geographic event/ more vulnerable the population are the ore the two overlap and the larger the disaster
- simplified version of the PAR model
Outline the role of pressure and release model (PAR model)?
Pressure model idea risk faced by people seen as a combination of two processes vulnerability and hazard (eg can not be a disaster, if there are hazards but little to no vulnerability)
- use for 12 mark questions
Explain examples of the root causes regarding the PAR model and how they lead to vunreability?
Root causes - such as limited access to power and resources - create vulnerability through different pressures such as inadequacies, local institution systems or capacity and standards in governments
Explain examples of dynamic pressures regarding the PAR model and how they lead to vunreability?
Produce unsafe conditions in the physical and social environments pf the people and groups most susceptible to vulnerability and risk
- macro-forces - include rapid population change, rapid urbanisation and deforestation
Explain examples of unsafe conditions regarding the PAR model and how they lead to vunreability?
Physical unsafe conditons - Include dangerous locations and buildings with low resilience to hazards - socially unsafe conditons include risks to local economies
Explain some of the ways social and economic impacts vary considerably?
- over time
- from place to place
- from minor nuisances to major disasters
Outline the economics impacts to land areas?
- level of development and GDP per capita
- total number of people affected
- speed of recovery
- degree of urbanisation
- amount of uninsured losses
Explain why earthquakes and their secondary hazards tend to be worse than volcanos, give 3 points?
- earthquakes can happen more randomly and are harder to predict - means we often have little time to react
- concentration of active volcanoes in relatively narrow belts means that only a small land area lies in close proximity
- estimated that less than 1% of worlds population is likely to suffer the impacts of a volcanic eruption compared to 5% for earthquakes
Outline hazard information regarding the 2011 earthquake of Japan?
- 2011 magnitude 9.0 earthquake struck under Pacific Ocean - 100 km of Japanese coast
- seawater displacement from earthquake causes tsunami which spread in all directions at 10m high, surfed 10km in land
highly developed country - GDP 40,000
Outline and explain the impacts of the 2011 earthquake of Japan?
- Fukushima nuclear power plant severely damaged - released dangerous levels of radiation (47,000 evacuated - 20km exclusion zone)
- 6000 injuries, 20,000 dead
- 130,000 homeless
- 240 billion damage
Outline and explain the preparation for the 2011 earthquake of Japan?
- good building construction with strict regulations (75% constructed with this in mind) that were adhered and enforced to due to low corruption levels
- well developed plans - areas vulnerable to tsunami had 10m high walls and evacuation shelters and routes (houses/offices had emergency kits)
- early warning system - 1 min advanced warning + frequent education and preparedness for emergency drills