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A-level - Geography > Topic 4 - Regeneration EQ2 > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Regeneration EQ2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain why the county of Berkshire is a successful region - focus on location and proximity?

A
  • M4 motorway runs along the county from east to west
  • wide, flat floodplain from river Thames towards west - good for urbanisation
  • Heathrow airport close - great for TNCs
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2
Q

Outline 4 features of the county of Berkshire that show its a successful region?

A
  • fastest growing town in SE England
  • high rates of employment - major IT companies in area (Microsoft and Oracle)
  • high demand for well qualified workers - 10,000 workers from outside EU
  • growing demand for housing has resulted in increased prices
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3
Q

Outline and explain 2 strengths of the county of Berkshire?

A
  • good transport connections, has network of motorways (M4) and Heathrow airport - attractive for TNCs
  • lots of taxes from employees living in the towns, money can be spent on developing the area and improving the services
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4
Q

Outline and explain 2 weaknesses of the county of Berkshire?

A
  • town is dependent on the taxes from employees of the TNCS living in the towns, if TNC decides to leave likely the employees will as well, which results in a decrease in taxes, so less money for the council
  • house prices are very expensive in these ‘millionaire towns’, makes it difficult for people to move into the are and buy a house
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5
Q

Outline and explain the opportunities available in the county of Berkshire region?

A

Berkshire will need an additional 70,000 well-qualified workers by 2020 - have recruited between 7000 and 11,000 workers from outside the EU

  • attractive location for migration
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6
Q

Outline the migration into the region of Berkshire?

A

Requires well qualified workers - companies need to recruit from abroad (brought in around 10,000 workers from outside the EU)

  • needs 70,000 high skilled workers
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7
Q

Explain what the Myrdal cumulative causation model is?

A

shows how a new industry, often a TNC attracts employees and supporting companies

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8
Q

Outline what the rust belt region is, what are the features?

A

refers to the geographic region from New York through the Midwest that was once dominated by manufacturing, fell into economic decline following automation, global sift and increasing free trade

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9
Q

Outline how the Detroit region declined?

A

deindustrialisation - resulted in unemployment, which triggered a spiral of decline and led to the abandonment of neighbourhoods

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10
Q

Outline several economic reasons for the decline of the rust belt?

A
  • overseas companies (eg China) produce cheaper coal and steel
  • mining companies have mechanised to cut costs
  • lower-wage costs in south eastern USA - led to relocation of steel and car industries (80,000 jobs lost)
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11
Q

Outline why the rust belt was once so successful?

A

Worlds biggest heavy industry region

  • coal, minded locally in the Appalachian mountains
  • steel produced, using iron ore from Michigan
  • local engineering - hundreds of thousands of jobs
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12
Q

Outline some of the problems the decline of tech rust belt has caused?

A
  • population decline - loss of skilled workers,people leave to seek work elsewhere
  • high unemployment and crime - drug problem
  • reduced revenue for councils as consumer spending falls - having to spend more money for those claiming welfare
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13
Q

Give evidence for the decline of Detroit?

A
  • population changed by -25% (698,000 in 2012)
  • loss of 130,000 manufacturing jobs
  • 20% of African Americans unemployed
  • City declared bankrupt in 2013 - debts of 18.5 billion
  • high crime rates
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14
Q

Outline and explain plans to regenerate the Detroit region?

A
  • plans to build and preserve 12,000 affordable homes
  • 204 million dollar funding into housing
  • removal of 15,000 vacant buildings
  • tax breaks from the city and state
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15
Q

Outline the priorities for regeneration?

A
  • sink estates and declining rural settlements need the greatest regeneration efforts
  • gated communities and commuter villages are lower priorities
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16
Q

Outline 4 major concerns for the Berkshire region?

A
  • skill shortages - lack of labour
  • small pockets of deprivation
  • over reliance on key businesses eg IT
  • lack of affordable housing in commuter villages
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17
Q

Outline 3 main priorities for the Berkshire region?

A
  • deliver 10,500 new homes
  • invest in sustainable public transport
  • super fast broadband deployment plan
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18
Q

Outline how regeneration can take place - what needs to happen?

A
  • to be sustainable, economy needs to grow and poverty needs to be tackled
  • Successful schemes start with an assessment of the problems,followed by an action plan
  • Local and national governments must decide where financial resources are spent in order to reduce the level of economic and social inequalities
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19
Q

Outline 4 social issues which could lead to people feeling they are being treated unequally compared to others?

A
  • Lack of education
  • housing access
  • health care access
  • access to employment
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20
Q

Explain what civil engagement is?

A

Civic engagement - ways in which people participate in their community in order to improve the quality of life for others or to shape their community’s future

e.g. voting in local and national elections

21
Q

Outline the importance of civil engagement?

A

The participation of locals within the community improves the quality of life for them and others and allows them to shape their community’s future

  • voting in local and national elections gives you a chance to have your voice heard
22
Q

Explain why social issues could lead people to have different lived experience?

A

people may feel they are being treated unfairly as they are not getting the same opportunities as other people (for exmaple access to education, healthcare and housing)

23
Q

Explain what political apathy is, why can it be important for communities?

A

Political apathy - people unwillingly accept the conditions they live in but feel powerless to do anything

  • sense of frustration may produce greater community engagement, can encourage voting and protesting to have local viewpoints represented
24
Q

Outline the levels of engagement within the UK?

A
  • considerable variation in political engagement across the UK
  • national decline in political engagement - focus on 18-24
  • Scottish independence referendum had a turnout of nearly 85% - 20% higher than political engagement in London
25
Q

Outline and explain some of the factors of perception - what is it, how does it vary between social groups ext?

A
  • vital part of the lived experience and affects how people engage with their place - varies between individuals and groups of people including age, social class and ethnicity
  • Factors may be real or imagined
  • Can be positive or negative views
26
Q

Explain why age and levels of deprivation may affect levels of political engagement?

A

Age - younger people are less likely to vote due to lack of knowledge or not caring that much - older people will vote because it impacts them more

Levels of deprivation - people living in more deprived areas will likely vote in a hope of bringing about change

27
Q

Outline 5 reasons which can be attributed to the cause of the 2011 London riots?

A
  • poor relationships between police and black community of Tottenham
  • urban deprivation
  • high youth unemployment and unusually warm summer
  • social media
  • police stop-and-search tactics
28
Q

Explain why the unusually warm summer and high levels of youth unemployment contributed to the 2011 London riots?

A
  • More people outside rather then inside - more people joined in (followed crowd)
  • Lots more of the youth with nothing to do so they were free to join in the riots
29
Q

Outline why poor relationships between the police and the black community could be attributed to the cause of the 2011 riots?

A
  • Results of police shooting unarmed Mark Duggan who was believed to have been armed - it was part of an operation which was investigating gun crime in the black community
  • stop-and-search tactics were focused specifically on young black males - anger at the treatment they received
30
Q

Explain how social media played a role in causing the London 2011 riots?

A

helped plan riots and looting, with one message encouraging people to bring there ‘trolleys, cars, vans and hammers’

  • resulted in many young teens getting involved - had nothing else to do
31
Q

Outline and explain how petty criminality and lack of police force allowed the 2011 riots to grow and continue?

A

encouraged more people to join in with looting and vandalism as they realised the police were not going to do anything about it, idea that people just jumping on the bandwagon and copying others - caused a lot of damage to local businesses

32
Q

Outline and explain how urban deprivation and low levels of employment contributed to the cause of the 2011 riots?

A

most of the protesters were under 20 and from low income areas - probably not a lot of services on offer so they didn’t have anything else to do with themselves - may have been angry with their situation

  • didn’t really care to much about their actions or the fact they were destroying their neighbourhood
33
Q

Outline and explain how the Tottenham area is being regenerated?

A
  • investment, 28 million by the mayor of London - also rebuilding the Peacock industrial estate which will offer 5000 new jobs but at the expense of the closure of small businesses
  • plans for new housing zones, with 10,000 new homes around Tottenham Hale station
34
Q

Explain some of the negatives of the regeneration plans for the Tottenham area?

A
  • loss of religious diversity as African-Caribbean church’s close
  • expensive prices of new houses could also mean locals loose out to gentrification (workers in London struggling with the expensive inner city housing will move there)
35
Q

Explain how regeneration of the Tottenham area will successfully develop the area - focus on social?

A
  • improve its social factors specifically housing which will encourage migration into the area therefore bringing in more taxes and also culture creating a more culture diverse region
  • added council revenue will provide more funding for the improvement of existing services like education to hopefully improve employment rates but also funding toward police and preventing crime
36
Q

Explain how regeneration of the Tottenham area will successfully develop the area - focus on economical?

A

£28 million to rebuild peacock industrial state will provide 5000 new jobs, will reduce unemployment which is common in the area - provides workers with a salary which they can spend on hobbies and social acivitives further increasing their quality of life and council revenue

37
Q

Explain how the perception of an area is represented through media?

A
  • Books,films,music or art incorporate both a representation and an interpreted meaning of a place
  • still valuable for evaluating the needs for regeneration
38
Q

Outline and explain how New York City is represented through Gossip girl?

A
  • tv series which focuses on the idea uptown residents look down on places like Brooklyn but eventually have to consider living there due to expensive prices
  • not very realisable as it is only for content and views
39
Q

Outline and explain how New York City is represented through humans of New York?

A
  • instagram account which interviews random people in New York about their life and posts it online
  • quite reliable as it is not edited and includes lots of peoples experience
  • the people chosen may be those who would have the most interesting experience
40
Q

Outline and explain how New York City is represented through empire state of mind (by Alicia keys)?

A
  • The writers of this song were inspired during a visit to London. Feeling homesick despite the
    same busy streets and crowds, they noticed the unique characteristics of New York
  • shows how urban areas differ despite being similar
41
Q

Outline 3 things you should have to evaluate an areas need for regeneration?

A
  • statistical evidence to determine the need for regeneration
  • different media to question the need for regeneration
  • Identified the factors influencing the perceived need for regeneration
42
Q

explain how shop fronts in a local area like new Malden can be improved to improve the areas perception?

A
  • agreeing to a colour palette - can lead to enhanced character and identity
  • high quality and attractive shop fronts improve the overall appearance of the high street and increases its retail performance
  • new Malden high street shop fronts are inconsistent in style - little incentive to enhance their appearance
  • 1/3 of shops are Korean - offers unique shopping experience but also source of mystery with Korean signage
43
Q

Outline 4 priorities for the development of the new Malden area?

A
  • Shop front improvements on the High Street
  • Enhance the area around New Malden Train station
  • Improving access to the Town Centre to create an environment that is attractive and safe for pedestrians
  • Developing ‘gateway’ features that will create a sense of arrival for visitors to New Malden
44
Q

Explain how average income and population could be used to measure the need for regeneration?

A
  • population of New Malden is expected to grow in next 20 years with most the growth being in the young professional groups (more council revenue)
  • average income in New Malden is higher than the UK average but lower than the London average - therefore land is more affordable in the area than more central areas e.g. Clapham.
45
Q

Outline how statistical evidence can be used to identify the need for regeneration?

A
  • Social - ethnicity, access to education and healthcare, educational achievement, community facilities
  • Economic - types of employment, unemployment, business rates, property values
  • Environmental - derelict land, closed shops, boarded-up buildings, graffiti, pollution, lack of green space, transport provision
46
Q

What can local authorities use to obtain statistical evidence of the need for regeneration - give 3 sources?

A
  • Census data to assess the need for regeneration and identify demographics that they want to attract to the area
  • The Labour Force Survey to determine the average income for different jobs and the types of work carried out by local people
  • Index of multiple deprivation - identify small areas that are deprived and need regeneration
47
Q

Explain 2 reasons why quantitative data is usefull?

A
  • Provides a way to measure the social, economic and environmental problems in an area
  • Can be used to compare places
48
Q

Explain a problem with using media for measuring an areas need for regeneration?

A
  • Some writers may portray a favourable image of a place to enhance a story
  • Other places may be depicted as worse than they are to add drama, which risks stigmatising an area and its locals

A-level - Geography (21 decks)

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