Topic 4 - Key words - DNA, RNA and protein synthesis

Question 1

Gene

Answer 1

A sequence of DNA that codes for a polypeptide or a functional RNA

Question 2

Locus

Answer 2

The location of a gene on a chromosome

Question 3

DNA triplet

Answer 3

A sequence of 3 DNA bases that code for a specific amino acid

Question 4

Universal

Answer 4

The genetic molecule in all living organisms (GGT codes for glycine in all living organisms)

Question 5

Non-overlapping

Answer 5

Each DNA triplet and gene is separate from each other

Question 6

Degenerate

Answer 6

The same amino acid can be coded for by more than one triplet

Question 7

Genome

Answer 7

The complete set of genes (all) in a cell/organism

Question 8

Proteome

Answer 8

The full range of proteins that a cell can make

Question 9

Splicing

Answer 9

Removing of introns

Question 10

Codon

Answer 10

Triplet of bases on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid

Question 11

Anticodon

Answer 11

Triplet of bases on tRNA that is complementary of codon on mRNA

Question 12

Gene mutation

Answer 12

Change to base sequence of DNA during DNA replication

Question 13

Substitution

Answer 13

Swapping one base for a different base

The polypeptide will differ in a single amino acid, sometimes it doesn’t have an affect

Question 14

Deletion

Answer 14

One base is removed

Results in the entire amino acid sequence changing, polypeptide wont be able to function properly

Question 15

Homologous pairs

Answer 15

One chromosome from each parent

Same gene but different alleles

Question 16

Gamete

Answer 16

Haploid sex cells

Question 17

Haploid (n)

Answer 17

A cell with a single set of unpaired chromosomes (one of each homologous pair)

Question 18

Diploid (2n)

Answer 18

A cell with two complete sets of chromosomes (both homologous pair - one from each parent)

Question 19

Fertilisation

Answer 19

Fusion of 2 haploid gametes from a zygote

Question 20

Meiosis

Answer 20

Cell division to form gametes

Question 21

Mitosis

Answer 21

Cell division for growth and repair

Question 22

Crossing over

Answer 22

Different combination of alleles

Question 23

Independent segregation

Answer 23

Different combination of chromosomes

Question 24

Polypeptide

Answer 24

More than one amino acid in chain

Question 25

Nucleotides

Answer 25

Monomers that make up DNA made up of an organic base, sugar and a phosphate

Question 26

Chromosome

Answer 26

A thread like structure made of a protein and DNA by which hereditary information is physically passed from one generation to the next

Question 27

Allele

Answer 27

Alternative forms of the same gene with different base sequences and therefore different codes

Question 28

Genetic diversity

Answer 28

The number of different alleles of a gene in a population

Question 29

Natural selection

Answer 29

Individuals of a population that are best suited to their environment survive ad reproduce more. (Beneficial alleles are more likely to be passed on)

Question 30

Evolution

Answer 30

Change in allele frequency over time

Question 31

Chromosome non-disjunction

Answer 31

When chromosomes don’t separate properly during meiosis 1 or meiosis 2