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Biology > Topic 1 - Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Monomers

A

Small molecules that are the building blocks of polymers

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2
Q

Polymers

A

Long molecule made up from many smaller molecules

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3
Q

Carbohydrates monomer and polymer

A

Monomer - Monosaccharides

Polymer - polysaccharide

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4
Q

Proteins monomer and polymer

A

Monomer - amino acids

Polymer - proteins/polypeptide

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5
Q

Fats/ lipids monomer and polymer

A

Monomer - triglycerides

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6
Q

Nucleic acid monomer and polymer

A

Monomer - nucleotides

Polymer - DNA/RNA

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7
Q

Condensation

A

When two molecules join together to form one large molecule and one molecule of water

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8
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Every bond between molecules in carbohydrate

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9
Q

Hydrolysis

A

When two molecules are split apart using a molecule of water

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10
Q

Disaccharide formations

A

Glucose + Glucose = maltose
Glucose + Fructose = sucrose
Glucose + Galactose = lactose

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11
Q

Glucose

A

C6H12O6
Two forms:
Alpha glucose HO-OH
Beta glucose HO-H

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12
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Many monosaccharides joined together in a condensation reaction

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13
Q

Cellulose

A 
> in a plant cell wall 
> Beta glucose 
> glycosidic bonds 
> unbranded/ straight chain 
> string structure for plant cell walls 
> insoluble 
> microfibrils and hydrogen bonds
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14
Q

Starch Amylose

A 
Plants: glucose/ energy storage 
> alpha glucose 
> unbranded and coiled 
> compact storage of glucose 
> insoluble: doesn’t effect water potential (no effect on osmosis)
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15
Q

Starch - Amylopectin

A

Plant: glucose/ energy storage
> alpha glucose
> glycosidic bods
> branched, increase the surface area so it can be hyrodlysed faster
> insoluble: no effect on water potential and no effect on osmosis

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16
Q

Glycogen

A

Animals: glucose/ energy storage
> alpha storage
> glycolic bonds
> very branched bigger surface area faster hydrolysis
> insoluble no effect on water potential or osmosis

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17
Q

Carbs test

A 
Benedicts test:
Reducing sugars 
1) Add benedicts BLUE
2) Heat sample in water bath
3) if sugar is present turn RED

Non-reducing sugars

1) Add hydrochloric acid
2) boil in water bath
3) neutralise with sodium hydrogen carbonate
4) test againfor a reducing sugar

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18
Q

Triglyceride

A

Three fatty acids
Glycerol molecule
Formed in a condensation reaction, make ester bonds

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19
Q

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid

A

Saturated- NO double bonds between carbon
- increase in cholesterol and LDL’s

Unsaturated - HAS double bonds between carbon atoms

  • less hydrogen
  • polyunsaturated = more than one double bond
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20
Q

Triglyceride function and structure

A

Energy storage
Long polymer
Insoluble
Form insoluble droplets

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21
Q

Phospholipids function

A

Forms cell memebrane
Hydrophobic tails face inwards
Middle is hydrophobic, difficult for polar H2O to diffuse in or out

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22
Q

Lipids test

A

Emulsion test

1) mix substance with ethanol
2) add water
3) milky emulsion formed then lipids present

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23
Q

Protein

A

A polymer built up of one or more amino acid

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24
Q

Amino acids

A

Monomer that makes up proteins

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25
Q

Peptide bond

A

The bond between amino acids in ALL proteins

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26
Q

Types of protein

A

Enzyme
Antibodies
Transport
Structure

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27
Q

Protein test

A

Biuret test

1) add biuret reagent BLUE
- copper sulfate
- sodium hydroxide
2) if the protein is present goes purple/lilac

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28
Q

Primary structure

A

Sequence of amino acids

Peptide bonds

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29
Q

Secondary structure

A

The long chains of amino acids fold into regions with repeating patterns (alpha helix, beta pleated sheets)
Peptide bonds and hydrogen bonds

30
Q

Tertiary structure

A

The final 3D resting shape of the protein

Peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulphides bridges

31
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Proteins made from more than one polypeptide

Peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulphides bridges

32
Q

Protein shape question

A

Tertiary structure of the active site is complementary to the shape of the substrate and forms enzyme-substrate complex

33
Q

Non-functional protein

A

Mutation: Change in primary structures changes tertiary structure

Denatured: changes ionic bond, changes tertiary structure

34
Q

Temperature effecting enzymes

A

1) As temp increases molecule vibrates
- More collisions, higher activation energy, e-s-c formed
2) molecule breaks vibrate and break internal bonds
3) ionic and disulphide bridges change active site shape
4) denatured

35
Q

Denatured

A

A permanent change to the active site which means no more enzyme complex’s are formed

36
Q

Factors affecting enzyme activity - pH

A 
> have optimum pH 
> increase and decrease the pH away from the optimum 
> enzyme activity decrease 
> oh- or H+ will interact with the hydrogen bonds or ionic bonds 
> change 3 structure 
> change active site 
> less e-s-c
> denatured
37
Q

Enzyme concentration affecting activity

A

> increase conc
rate reaction increases
more collisions
substrate concentration becomes limiting factor

38
Q

Substrate concentration

A 
Increase substrate conc 
Rate of reaction increase 
More collision 
Until active sites occupied 
Enzyme conc is limiting factor
39
Q

Competitive inhibitors enzyme activity

A

> competitive inhibitors have similar substrate shape
bind to active site
stops substrate forming

40
Q

Non-competitive inhibitors

A

> bind to enzyme but no active site
Changes the shape of active site
no more e-s-c formed

41
Q

Nucleotides

A

The monomer that makes up polynucleotides

42
Q

DNA deoxyribose nucleic acid

A 
> Double stranded = double helix 
> Long polymer 
> Carries the genetic information which codes for proteins
> Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine 
> deoxyribose, base, phosphate
43
Q

RNA

A 
> Ribonucleic acid 
> single stranded 
> short polynucleotide 
> ribosome formed from RNA and proteins 
> transfers genetic code from DNA to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
44
Q

Polynucleotide

A 
A with T
C with G
> phosphodiester bonds between phosphates 
> Sugar phosphate backbone 
> antiparallel
45
Q

Semi conservative replication

A

> DNA antiparallel
nucleotides on each strand arranged differently
active site of DNA polymerase has specific tertiary structure

  • DNA helicase breaks H bonds
  • both starts act as templates
  • free nucleotides, complementary base pairing
  • DNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds
  • H bonds reform
  • one new and one original strand
46
Q

Proving semi conservative replication

A

> Done by Meselson and Stakl
population cultured in a growth medium containing heavy nitrogen only (centrifuged only one heavy band observed)
Cells transferred to a medium with only light nitrogen (one replication band was twice thickness)
two replications in light nitrogen (intermediate and light band)

47
Q

DNA sense strand

A

> contains genes

> does NOT act as the template for mRNA

48
Q

DNA Antisense strand

A

> template strand
acts as template fo mRNA
complementary to genes on the sense strand

49
Q

Pre-mRNA

A

Same as DNA sense strand

U replaces T

50
Q

Splicing

A

pre-mRNA to mRNA

Introns are removed

51
Q

ATP uses

A

> breaks down energy in small amounts
broken down in one reaction (rapid release)
easily resynthesised
ass phosphate to other molecules

52
Q

ATP equation/reaction

A

ADP + Pi ——————> ATP

ATP = condensation and ATP synthase
ADP + Pi = hydrolysis and ATP hydrolase

53
Q

Extra ATP

A

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi can be coupled up to energy requiring reactions within cells
Inorganic phosphate is released which can be used to phosphorylate other compounds

54
Q

Water structure

A

> polar molecule
positive and negative end
poles are attracted to each other (H+ bonds between all molecules)

55
Q

Solvent

A

A liquid that other substances can dissolve in

56
Q

Ionic compounds and water

A

> Ionic compounds are made form positive ions and negative ions > water has positive and negative end
ionic compounds dissolve in water because all the small charges of water add up together

57
Q

Water as a metabolite

A

Water is important in metabolic reactions like condensation and hydrolysis

58
Q

Water for transport

A

Cohesion allows water go move upwards

Responsible for surface tension when water meets air

59
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules stick to each other because of their hydrogen bonds

60
Q

High latent heat of vaporisation

A

Lots of energy needed to break hydrogen bods between molecules

61
Q

High specific heat capacity

A

Takes lots of energy to heat up or to cool down water because of the hydrogen bonds between its molecules

(Aquatic environments are stable, so are bodies)

62
Q

Ion

A

An atom that has lost or gained elections

63
Q

Inorganic

A

A compound that doesn’t contain carbon

64
Q

Positive ion

A

Cation

65
Q

Negative ion

A

Anion

66
Q

Inorganic ions location

A

> occur in the cytoplasm and body fluid

67
Q

pH (inorganic ions)

A

PH is measure of h+ in solution
H+ ions are very reactive
> react with protein (change tertiary structure)

68
Q

Sodium ions (inorganic ions)

A

> important in helping other molecules move across membrane

> co -transport

69
Q

Iron ions (inorganic ions)

A

> important n haemaglobin
carry oxygen
haemaglobin is a protein with a 4 structure

70
Q

Phosphate ions (inorganic ions)

A

ATP contains phosphate group

RNA and DNA form by condensation reaction between phosphate group and polynucleotide

Biology (18 decks)

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