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Biology > Topic 3 - exchange and transport system > Flashcards

Topic 3 - exchange and transport system Flashcards

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1
Q

single celled organism

A

direct diffusion of oxygen

very high SA:VOL

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2
Q

small mammal

A

high SA:Vol, faster rate of respiration

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3
Q

big mammal

A

small SA:Vol, slow rate of respiration

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4
Q

gas exchange in insects

A

> No transport system,
transported directly to tissue
spiracles and trachea/ tracheoles supply gases,
move in and out through diffusion,
mass transport as a result of muscle contraction
volume changes in tracheoles
covered in waxy cuticle to reduce evaporation

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5
Q

gas exchange in fish

A

> Small surface are to volume ratio
impermeable membrane (no skin diffusion)
4 pairs of gills supported by arch, gill filaments with lamellar, counter current directional for blood and water - steep diffusion gradient so max oxygen is diffusion into deoxygenated blood
projections are held apart by water
Ventilation - continuous unidirectional flow, 1) opening mouth, lowering the floor of the buccal cavity (water in), 2)close mouth , buccal cavity floor raise (increase pressure), 3) water forced over gill by the difference in pressure between mouth cavity and operculum cavity, 4) operculum acts a valve and pump

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6
Q

gas exchange in Dicotyledenous plants

A

> mesophyll is where gas exchange for CO2 happens
spongy, Large surface area
gases diffuse in/ out
stomata, short diffusion distance
]> guard cells reduce water loss
air space so gases can move around the lead and come into contact with the mesophyll layer

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7
Q

Xerophytic Adaptions for plants

A 
> curled leaf
> stomata sunken in pits
> hairs on epidermis (water vapour build up)
> thick waxy cuticle (less evaporation) 
> fewer stomata
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8
Q

Gas exchange in humans

A

> Lungs - large surface area, external and internal intercostal muscles between ribs contract to raise and lower rib cage
Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles - allow air flow, held open by rings of cartilage, smooth muscles so contract
Trachea and bronchi - thick wall of cartilage, glandular and connective tissue, elastic fibres, smooth muscle and blood vessels in cartilage, inner lining - an epithelial layer of ciliates epithelium and goblet cells
Bronchioles - larger bronchioles contain cartilage, wall of smooth muscle and elastic fibres, alveoli clusters at the end

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9
Q

Mammalian gas exchange system (alveoli)

A

One cell thick, surrounded by capillaries which are one cell thick - reduces diffusion pathway
Constant blood supply means a steep concentration gradient
Large number of alveoli giving a large surface area

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10
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air breathed in OR out per breath at rest

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11
Q

Breathing/ventilation rate

A

Number of breaths per minuet

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12
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Total volume of air breathed in one minute

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13
Q

Oxygen consumption

A

Volume of oxygen used per minute

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14
Q

Vital capacity

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled or exhaled in a single breath

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15
Q

Residual volume

A

The volume of air which is present in the lungs

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16
Q

Spirometer

A

Used to measure lung volume

Breath in and out of the airtight chamber, causing it to move up and down, leaves a trace on a graph

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17
Q

inspiratory and expiratory reserves

A

The tidal volume can be exceeded during exercise when inspiratory reserve volume is reached - to increase the amount of air breathed in
Expiratory reserve volume - the additional volume of air that can be exhaled on top of the tidal volume

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18
Q

pulmonary ventilation equation

A

PV = tidal volume x breathing rate

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19
Q

Ventilation

A

Flow of air in and out of the alveoli, two sets of muscles intercostal muscles and diaphragm

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20
Q

Ventilation - inspiration

A

External intercostal muscles CONTRACT and internal muscles RELAX - ribs raise up
Diaphragm CONTRACTS AND FLATTENS
Increase in thorax volume - lowering pressure
Lung and atmospheric pressure create a gradient - air to be forced into lungs

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21
Q

Ventilation - expiration

A

Internal intercostal muscles CONTRACT and external muscles relax - lowering the rib cage
Diaphragm RELAXES AND RAISES UPWARDS
Decreases thorax volume - increasing the pressure forcing air out of the lungs

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22
Q

Digestion

A

Hydrolysis of large biological molecules into smaller molecules which can be absorbed across cell membranes

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23
Q

Carbohydrates

A

starch to maltose (broken by amylase from salivary gland)

Maltose to glucose + glucose (broken by maltase from small intestine)

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24
Q

lipids

A

Lipid droplets + bile salts, emulsified to small lipid droplets. Lipase breaks down into micelles

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25
Q

Micelles

A

Tiny droplets of monoglycerides and fatty acids that release monoglycerides close to the surface of cell

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26
Q

Endopeptidase

A

Hydrolyse peptide bonds within a polypeptide

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27
Q

Exopeptidase

A

Hydrolyse peptide bonds at the end of the peptide

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28
Q

Membrane bound dipeptidase

A

Enzymes attached to membranes hydrolyse the peptide bonds between dipeptidase

29
Q

Proteins

A

Digested by peptidases

Endopeptidases, exopeptidases, dipeptidase

30
Q

Amino Acid absorption

A

amino acids are absorbed by facilitated diffusion through carrier molecules in the surface membrane of the epithelial cells. One NA+ is also taken up with each amino acid - co transport. Diffusion gradient for NA+ is maintained by their active transport through base of epithelial cells
> Na+ diffuses in via a co-transporter
> Amino acids come in against concentration gradient

31
Q

Haemoglobin

A

A protein with a quaternary structure

32
Q

oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

A

> O2 loads onto haemoglobin at a high partial pressure of O2
haemoglobin becomes saturated with o2
oxygen unloads at the cells where p.p of O2 is low

33
Q

the Bohr shift

A

(to the right)
> when an organism respires a lot there is more CO2 in the blood
> more acidity, decrease haemoglobins affinity for O2
> O2 unloads more easily respiring cells
> haemoglobin is less saturated with O2 because it has released more O2 at respiring cells

34
Q

benefits of oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

A

(High O2 environment)
> haemoglobin has a lower affinity for O2
> release more O2 at cells
> useful for animals with high rate of respiration

35
Q

benefits of oxyhaemoglobin curve

A

> lower p.p of O2 in lungs
haemoglobin has a higher affinity for O2
able to load O2 at a lower p.p of O2

36
Q

Arteries

A 
Flow away from the heart 
> narrower lumen than vein
> blood is at high pressure
> elastic tissue and folded endothelium 
> thick muscle can contract and change the flow of blood
37
Q

Veins

A 
flow towards the heart 
> wide lumen
> thin layer of muscle 
> smooth endothelium 
> one way valves
> low pressure
38
Q

Capillaries

A

> surround all cells and exchange stuff
endothelium is 1 cell thin
high surface area

39
Q

structure of human heart

A

Right atrium (to ventricle)
Right Ventricle (to lungs)
Left Ventricle (thick muscle, round body)
Left atrium (to ventricle)
Semi-lunar valves (pressure bigger in ventricle)
atrio ventricle valve (pressure high in atria)

40
Q

human heart blood vessels

A 
Vena cava (vein, from body)
Pulmonary artery (deoxy to lungs)
Aorta (oxy to body)
Pulmonary vein (oxy from lungs)
41
Q

heart pumping

A

1) atria contract (AV open, SL closed, high pressure in atria)
2) ventricle contract (AV close, SL open, Pressure high in ventricles)
3) atria + ventricles relax (AV open, SL close, high pressure in atria)

42
Q

Atheroma

A

Build up of fatty plaque in arteries

43
Q

Thrombosis

A

Blood clot in arteries

44
Q

Aneurysm

A

When stretchy endothelium balloons out through muscles of an artery

45
Q

blood circulation

A

^ LUNGS /
Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein
^ HEART /

Renal vein Renal artery

       ^              KIDNEY     /
46
Q

Atheroma explained

A

> build up of fatty plaque on inside of artery
can cause thrombosis/ aneurysm
can block arteries
can cause myocardial infraction
reduces flow of O2 + glucose to heart muscle
can’t respire

47
Q

Formation of tissue fluid

A

> hydrostatic pressure is higher in the blood than in the tissue fluid
water and small molecules are forced out
large molecules stay inside the capillary

48
Q

Return of tissue fluid

A

pressure drops as you move along the capillary because water moves out
> water potential in blood becomes LOWER the water potential in the tissue fluid, proteins remain in the blood
> water moves out of the capillary by osmosis
> hydrostatic pressure drops in capillary, water moves down pressure gradient
> tissue fluid drains into the lymph

49
Q

what is in the tissue fluid

A

Capillary: Red blood cells, Glucose, Sodium, Proteins
Tissue fluid: Respiring cells
Lymph

50
Q

Transpiration

A

The evaporation of water from leaves through the stomata

51
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules stick together because they are polar

52
Q

transport in xylem

A

> transports water + minerals
direction up only
hollow tube made of dead cells
no cell walls between cells

53
Q

cohesion tension theory

A

> transpiration of water through stomata, low pressure at the top of the xylem
water in the xylem is pulled up creating tension, water molecules stick to each other
water molecules are sucked up to the leaves

54
Q

factors affecting transpiration: temp

A

> high temperatures increase the rate of transpiration

55
Q

factors affecting transpiration: light

A

> more stomata open when there is more light, increase transpiration

56
Q

factors affecting transpiration: humidity + wind

A

> affect the water vapour gradient

> the steeper the vapour gradient the faster the rate of transpiration

57
Q

transport in the phloem

A

> transports glucose + amino acids
goes up and down
living cells

58
Q

living cells in the phloem

A

companion cells: support sieve tube cells, provides ATP
Sieve tube cell: living but with little cytoplasm, few organelles, hollow
Sieve plates: thin pore between sieve tube cells

59
Q

evidence for mass flow: radioactive labelling

A

> use radioactive C14 label
grow plants in C14 atmosphere
measure C14 as it moves down trunk

60
Q

evidence for mass flow: ringing experiment

A

> remove bark in a ring from the tree trunk
solutes can’t move up or down
bulge forms above the ring
fluid above the ring has more solutes that below

61
Q

source

A

high concentration of solute

1) active transport of solute from companion cell into sieve tube cell
2) this decreases the water potential
3) water moves in by osmosis from companion cell and xylem
4) creates high hydrostatic pressure in phloem

62
Q

sink

A

> uses breaks down or converts the solute into something else
creates a low concentration of the solute
increases the water potential so water moves out by osmosis
decrease the pressure in phloem

63
Q

Multicellular organisms exchange

A

Larger distance due to higher surface area to volume ration
Efficient gas exchange - large surface area (root hair cells, folded membrane), thin surface for short distance, good blood supply/ventilation for steep gradient

64
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Water soluble global protein - two beta polypeptide chains and two alpha helices- forms a complex containing a haem group. Carries four oxygen molecules

65
Q

monoglycerides and fatty acids digestion and absorption

A

Monoglycerides and fatty acids are polar - easily diffuse across the cell membrane. When inside they are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum where the reform into triglycerides. Move out of cells by vesicles into lymph system

66
Q

prosthetic group

A

inorganic component of an organic molecule that is essential to its function

67
Q

high affinity

A

wants to associate to o2

68
Q

low affinity

A

wants to disassociate

69
Q

affect of surface area on O2 association

A

a smaller surface are makes it harder for O2 to associate (on to the Beta chain)

Biology (18 decks)

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