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Biology > Topic 4 - Diversity And Classification > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Diversity And Classification Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Population

A

All the organisms of one species in a habitat

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2
Q

Community

A

All of the population of all species in a habitat

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3
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of a species in an area

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4
Q

Species richness

A

The number of different species in an area

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5
Q

Index of diversity

A

Describes the relationship between number of species in a community and the number of individuals of each species

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6
Q

Species

A

Organisms are the same species if the can breed to produce fertile offspring

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7
Q

Index of diversity calculation

A

d=Nx(N-1)/sum of nx(n-1)
N = total number of organisms of all species
n = total number organisms of each species

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8
Q

Effects of farming on biodiversity

A

Decreases biodiversity:
Forests are cleared
Hedgerows are removed
Monocultures (fewer species of plants, fewer species of insects, fewer food sources for other species, fewer habitats and niches)
decreases the genetic variety of alleles (farmers control for particular characteristics)
use of pesticides
decreases the index of species diversity

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9
Q

Conservation

A

Get farmers to conserve biodiversity
Protect species by law
Restrict urban development in important biodiverse areas

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10
Q

Intraspecific

A

Comparing genetic diversity within a species

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11
Q

Interspecific

A

Comparing genetic diversity between species

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12
Q

Causes of diversity/variation

A

Genetic differences such as blood type

Environment differences such as nutrition

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13
Q

How to maintain biodiversity/ conservation

A

Use hedgerows instead of fences
Intercropping (growing different crops in the same area)
Reduce the use of herbicides and pesticides
Preserving wetlands instead of draining
plant native trees on land with low species diversity
use crop rotations that include nitrogen fixing crops
create natural meadows
conservation of headlands (areas around the edge of the fields)
leave the cutting of verges until after seed dispersal

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14
Q

Causes of reduction in species diversity

A

Habitat destruction, invasive species, climate change, pollution, pesticides and fertilisers, human overpopulation, deforestation, hedgerows removed, monocultures are created

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15
Q

Species diversity

A

The number of species in a community

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16
Q

Directional selection

A

Caused by a change in environmental conditions
Extreme characteristics survive and reproduce
Only those with the allele will survive (graph moves in the direction of these individuals

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17
Q

Stabilising selection

A

Individuals with extreme characteristics are less likely to survive and reproduce
The mean stays the same as the most likely to survive are in the middle range
phenotypes close to the mean survive
stable conditions

18
Q

Evolution

A

Variation of alleles exist in a population
Result of mutation
Selection of individuals with beneficial allele
Differential reproductive success
Changes allele frequency
Occurs over a long period of time

19
Q

Natural selection adaptions

A

Anatomical - changes to your anatomy eg giraffes long necks
Physiological - eg shivering
Behavioural - changes to the way you behave eg becoming nocturnal

20
Q

genetic diversity

A

the number of different alleles of a gene in a population

21
Q

natural selection

A

individuals of population that are best suited to their environment survive and reproduce more.
the beneficial alleles are the most likely to pass onto the next generation

22
Q

evolution (definition)

A

change in allele frequency over time

23
Q

Sampling large sample of a population

A

The data should be representative of the whole population (use a statistical test)

24
Q

How to compare genetic diversity

A

Comparing DNA sequence, mRNA sequence, amino acid sequence

Observe characteristics and put into groups

25
Q

Phylogenetic classification

A

Arraigning species into groups based on evolutionary relatedness

26
Q

Standard deviation

A

The average variation of the data away from the mean

Lower the standard deviation the more reliable

27
Q

Bars of siginficance

A

Dot overlap they ARE significantly different

Overlap they are NOT significantly different

28
Q

Courtship behaviour

A 
Increases the chance of successful mailing because 
> recognition of same species
> stimulates the release of gametes
> recognises the opposite sex/gender
> indicate sexual maturity
29
Q

Hierarchy classification

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum 
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
30
Q

Phylogenetic - genome sequencing

A

Compare the order of base sequences on genome of different species
Higher % match = more closely related

31
Q

phylogenetics Immunology

A

DNA - mRNA - amino acid - proteins
3 of protein tells us about sequence of DNA
If same antibodies bind to a specific antigen then it is closely related

32
Q

Binomial names

A

Method of giving each species a name consisting of two words
First - name of the genus
Second - species
- Genus is written with a capital letter but no capital letter on the species
- both are underlined or in italics
Eg Homo sapiens

33
Q

What are phylogenetics

A

Small groups within a big group

No overlap between groups

34
Q

Taxon

A

A level in hierarchy

35
Q

Molecular phylogeny

A

The analysis of molecular differences in different organisms to determine the extent of their evolutionary relatedness

36
Q

Limits to using observable characteristics to classify species

A

Characteristics can be coded for by more than one gene
Same characteristics could have arisen separately
Characteristics can be influenced by the environment and not the gene

37
Q

genetic diversity

A

the number of different alleles of genes in a population

  • the greater the number of different alleles the greater the genetic diversity - the more likely some individuals of the population will survive
  • wider range of alleles the wider range of characteristics
  • greater diversity enable natural selection
38
Q

natural selection in evolution

A
  • gene pool in a population containing a wide variety of alleles
  • random mutations can result in new alleles - some are harmful but some are advantageous in certain environments
  • new allele individuals are better adapted so are more likely to survive in competition
  • individuals will live longer and grow more so have a higher chance of breeding and having more offspring
  • advantageous allele is passed on to next generation
  • offspring with advantageous are more likely to survive and reproduce
  • number of individuals with advantageous allele increases
  • non advantageous decreases
39
Q

directional selection - antibiotic resistance

A
  • effectiveness of antibiotics decreased
  • spontaneous mutation on the allele of the gene in a bacterium, creating a new protein
  • new protein broke down the antibiotic penicillin before it could kill the bacterium
  • bacterium happened to be in a situation where penicillin was being used to treat an individual
  • these circumstances gave the bacterium an advantage to use penicillinase to break down the antibiotic
  • bacterium divided by binary fission
  • penicillin resistant population could survive more than non-resistant
  • resistant population increased so increasing frequency of allele that enabled production of penicillinase to increase in the population
  • normal distribution curve shifted to the greater resistance
40
Q

stabilising selection - human birth weights

A
  • body mass at birth of babies was measured and at the same time infant mortality rate was also recorded
  • body mass and infant mortality rate were plotted against each other
  • steep line increase where mass is low and high
  • so there is a greater risk of infant mortality when the birth weight is outside of the range/ mean

Biology (18 decks)

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