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GCSE Design Tech > Topic 4 - Energy, materials, Systems and Devices > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Energy, materials, Systems and Devices Flashcards

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1
Q

are fossil fuels are finite or a non finite resource

A

fossil fuels are a finite resource

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2
Q

how are fossil fuels formed

A

fossil fuels are formed from the fossilised remains of plants and animals over millions of years

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3
Q

how are coal, oil and gas extracted

A

coal, oil and gas are extracted through mining and drilling

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4
Q

why are fossil fuels burned

A

fossil fuels are burned to superheat water under pressure which drives turbine

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5
Q

what does fracking involve

A

fracking involves drilling into layers of shale rock deep in the earth to release pockets of gas. water, sand and chemicals are injected into a well in order to force gas backup

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6
Q

what are some examples to renewable alternative energy sources to fossil fuels

A

wind, solar, tidal, biomass, hydroelectric

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7
Q

what are some disadvantages of wind turbines

A

very loud. damaging to the envirnment. look unnatural. interrupt birds. only work when windy

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8
Q

what are some advantages of wind turbines

A

low maintenance. clean energy. clean energy. higher winter output. low cost energy

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9
Q

how do photovaltic cells work

A

light photons hit the PV cell which allows electrons to flow, creating an electric current

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10
Q

what are some advantages of photovaltaic cells

A

low maintenance. clean energy. relatively low cost

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11
Q

what are some disadvantages of photovaltaic cells

A

seasonal fluctuations. no power generated at night. complex positioning issues

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12
Q

how does tidal energy work

A

the rise and fall of the tide forces water through turbines which drive generators to produce electricity

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13
Q

what is hydroelectic power

A

a very reliable and contrallable energy resource. thr set up costs are financially and environmentally expensive. vast areas need to be flooded to create reservoirs

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14
Q

how are biofuel/biomass created

A

biofuel and biomass are created from organic matter which is burned to generate power

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15
Q

what are some examples of biomass fuels

A

food/farm waste, compost and wood chips or compressed pellets

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16
Q

what pecentage of the worlds electricity does nuclear power account for

A

nuclear power accounts for 11% of the worlds electricity

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17
Q

what is an advantage of nuclear power

A

nuclear power provided an abundant, reliable supply of clean energy

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18
Q

what is energy

A

energy is the capacity to do work. it comes in different forms and can be stored. energy can change between forms

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19
Q

what are some examples of stored energy

A

chemical, mechanical, nuclear, gravitational

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20
Q

what are some examples of motion energy

A

movement, electricity, heat, sound, light

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21
Q

how is potential energy stored

A

potential energy is stored in objects, not in motion, that will move once released

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22
Q

what are some examples of potential energy

A

waves in s reservoir ready to turn a turbine for HEP, pressure in a fire extinguisher

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23
Q

what does kinectic energy involve

A

kinectic energy involves motion and movement

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24
Q

what is an example of kinectic energy

A

electricity when travelling through a circuit, heat radiation, sound coming from a speaker, project light, atoms vibrating

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25
Q

what are some examples of mechanical storage

A

compression, tension, motion

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26
Q

what are some examples of chemical storage

A

batteries, gases, solid fuel, food

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27
Q

what are some examples of pneumatic systems

A

they are very accurate and low maintenance

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28
Q

how is movement created

A

compressed air or gas

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29
Q

what are pneumatics used in

A

used in industry, for example with mechanical drills and on automated production lines

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30
Q

what might be used, instead of air, to create a powerful system

A

pumped and compressed liquid

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31
Q

what are hydraulics used in

A

lifting equipment, car braking systems, fire fighting cutting equipment

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32
Q

what is an advantage of hydroelectric power

A

hydroelectric power provides a very controllable supply of power

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33
Q

what happens when there is a surplus supply of electricity

A

when there is a surplus supply of electricty, water is pumped back up to the high level reservoir

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34
Q

in kinectic pumped storage, where is potential energy stored/ when is it used

A

potential energy is stored in the water at the higher level and is used when demand is high

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35
Q

what kind of energy do flywheels use, in order to reach optimum speed

A

flywheels use surplus energy to reach optimum speed

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36
Q

what kind of environment do flywheels rotate in

A

flywheels rotate in a near frictionless environment

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37
Q

how is electrical energy returned when needed, in flywheel energy storage

A

the motor used to power flywheels becomes a generator which returns the electrical energy when needed

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38
Q

what are Kinectic Energy Recovery Systems used for

A

Kinectic Energy Recovery Systems are used on vehicles to save fuel

39
Q

what type of energy can be used to return energy to a battery

A

kinectic energy can be used to return energy to a battery

40
Q

what does chemical energy storage include

A

chemcial energy storange inclused: batteries (electro-chemical), canisters/bottles of gas, flammable gas ahd hydrogen fuel cells

41
Q

what kind of energy does a battery store

A

a battery stores chemical energy in a series of cells. each battery has a positive/negative terminal

42
Q

how many volts is a cell

A

1.5V

43
Q

how many volts is a rechargeable cell

A

1.2V

44
Q

what are some advantages of alkaline batteries

A

alkaline batteries are more effiecient and have a higher capacity when compared to traditional lead-acid varieries. more charge can be stored in the same size battery. they hold their charge well

45
Q

what rechargeable technology pieces is there an exver increasing demand in

A

portable domestic appliances and power tools. disability and personal transport. hybrid and all eelctrical vehicles. mobile devices

46
Q

what are flow batteries

A

flow batteries are large units used to help smooth demand on the National Grid

47
Q

what type of batteries are super fast charging and very high capacity

A

sodium and glass batteries

48
Q

batteries contain toxic chemicals and metals whcih:

A

leach into the soil and water table. are harmful to wildlife and the natural habitat. need specialist recycling

49
Q

What can modern materials help solve

A

Design issues, technical constraints and environmental issues

50
Q

What are modern materials

A

New inventions or one that has been relatively recently discovered

51
Q

What are biodegradable polymers made from

A

Biodegradable polymers are made from vegetable starches, often corn starch

52
Q

What different varieties of biodegradable polymers are there

A

Polylactic scud (PLA) (use in 3D printing filament. Polyhdroxybutyraye (PHB). Polycaprolactone (PCL)

53
Q

what materials does the Saltwater Brewery use in order to make 100% biodegradable packaging

A

Wheat and barley

54
Q

What is polycaprolactone (PCL)

A

A low temperature hand mouldable polymer

55
Q

What temperature does polymorph and coolmorph fuse together at

A

62 degrees (polymorph) and 42 degrees (coolmorph)

56
Q

What are some advantages of polymorph/coolmorph

A

They are both biodegradable, non toxic and can be coloured. They are ideal for modelling as can be shaped using hand pressure. They can be reused and re moulded

57
Q

What is thermoplastic

A

A plastic that can be melted and used multiple times

58
Q

What is thermosetting plastic

A

A plastic that can be melted but not reused

59
Q

What is flexible MDF

A

Flexible MDF is a type of wood that allows for the creation of natural curves.

60
Q

What is flexible MSF commonly used in

A

Flexible MDF is commonly used in the design of shop fitting and bespoke commercial projects

61
Q

What are routed or machines grooves used for in flexible MDF

A

they are used to enable the material to blend

62
Q

What are some advantages of titanium

A

It is relatively lightweight, tough, stiff, low density, excellent resistance, it does not react with the human body so it is used for medical appliances

63
Q

What are fibre optic cables

A

Fibre optic cables carry light down a thin glass core

64
Q

What are some uses of fibre optics

A

Cable TV and broadband infrastructure, medical applications using endoscope to allow doctors to the see the body, run optoelectronics and novelty goods

65
Q

What are some advantages of liquid crystal displays (LDC)

A

screens can be very small and lightweight, bespoke monochrome layouts can be achieved, they have low power consumption, they do not emit light, they come in monochrome and full colour versions

66
Q

What do nanomaterials benefit from

A

Nanomaterials benefit from their scale and increase surface area

67
Q

How big are nanomaterials

A

1-1000 manometers

68
Q

What is an advantage of metal foam

A

Metal foam is very lightweight compared to solid metals. They are 100% recyclable

69
Q

How air pockets made

A

Air pockets are made by injecting gas into liquid aluminium or titanium

70
Q

what type of material reacts to an external stimulus, by changing characteristics and properties

A

smart materials react to an external stimulus

71
Q

what do self heating polymers react to, which releases a resin in the new crack

A

self heating polymers react to stress fractures

72
Q

why are microcapsules of liquid resin ruptured, with self heating polymers

A

microcapsules of liquid resin are ruptured to bond the polymer back together

73
Q

what material was designed to avoid stress cracks filling with water

A

self heating concrete

74
Q

what material causes steel reinforcements to rust and weaken the structure

A

water causes steel reinfocements to rust and weaken the structure

75
Q

what is the process that self heating concrete undergoes when activated

A

When stress cracks appear in self-healing concrete, water seeps into them rupturing spheres of food and bacteria. The water activates the food and bacteria and the bacteria starts to feed. The result is that calcium carbonate is formed which fills the crack bonding the concrete back together.

76
Q

what causes a changes of colour in thermochromic dyes

A

hot and cold temperatures

77
Q

what are some examples of applications with thermochromic pigments

A

fever scan strips used on infants. room thermometers. children’s cutlery and crockery. novelty goods and colour changing clothing

78
Q

what reaction is seen in prescription sunglass lenses

A

when ultraviolet and photosensitive halide particles react

79
Q

what are disadvantages of using photochromic particles with

self-darkening glasses

A

the reaction can take up to 2 minutes to complete. over time the particles can lose their ability to revert to clear

80
Q

what are photocromatic pigments used for

A

novelty goods and colour changing paints

81
Q

which pigment does UV light stimulate particles in

A

photochromic pigments

82
Q

what is ninitol

A

a SMA of nickel and titanium

83
Q

How is a shape ‘set’ in to the memory of nitinol

A

The Nitinol is held in the desired shape and heated to a very high temperature / around 540°C

84
Q

Explain what stimulus is required to return nitinol to its ‘set’ shape,
once deformed

A

It is reheated to around 70°C / moderate temperature or has an electrical charge sent through it, which triggers the response to change to the ‘set’ shape

85
Q

what is a commercial use of nitinol

A

It is used in dentistry for braces and orthodontics

86
Q

what is quantum tunnelling composite

A

a polymer that contains billions of metal particles that don’t touch each other. it is an insulator and a semi conductor

87
Q

what happens wen pressure is applied to quantum tunnelling composite

A

When pressure is applied to qauntum tunnelling composite it becomes a conductor allowing an electrical signal to flow

88
Q

how does piezoelectric material work

A

Subject it to movement or stress and it produces electricity. Attach an electrical signal to it and it moves

89
Q

when do piezotranducers vibrate

A

piezotranducers vibrate when an electcric signal is sent through the contact

90
Q

what are piezo tranducers used in

A

piezo tranducers are used in mobile phones and other small electronic devices and toys

91
Q

what happens when piezo tranducers are tapped or spoken into

A

when piezo tranducers are tapped or spoken into they produce a small electrical charge that can be amplified to create sound or trigger a response in a circuit

92
Q

what can be used to detectc PH levels

A

litmus paper because it uses compounds found in different varieties of lichen

93
Q

what are some uses of litmus paper

A

garden/soil testing, pool water testing, skincare products

GCSE Design Tech (10 decks)

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