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Biology > Topic 3 - Genetics > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are found inside the nucleus?

A

chromosomes

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2
Q

Which substance forms a long strand in each chromosome?

A

dna

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3
Q

How do body cells make copies of themselves?

A

mitosis

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4
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a human body cell nucleus?

A

46

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5
Q

what happens in fertilisation?

A

two gametes fuse

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6
Q

what is the cell formed in fertilisation called?

A

zygote

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7
Q

what is the name of the human gamete?

A

sperm cell

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8
Q

The DNA strand in a chromosome contains sections that carry instructions for characteristics. What are these sections called?

A

genes

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9
Q

What molecule forms the genome of an organism?

A

dna

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10
Q

where are genes found?

A

[in sections of DNA] on chromosomes

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11
Q

What does a gene carry the instructions for?

A

making a protein

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12
Q

A protein is made by linking together smaller molecules. What are these smaller molecules called?

A

amino acids

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13
Q

what is a group of molecules joined together called?

A

a ploymer

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14
Q

A human cell contains 46 strands of DNA. Is it diploid or haploid?

A

diploid

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15
Q

are the cells produced by meiosis haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

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16
Q

Are the cells produced by mitosis haploid or diploid?

A

diploid

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17
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

double helix

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18
Q

What is a chromosome made out of?

A

dna and proteins

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19
Q

What are the letters of the bases that form the DNA code?

A

A,C,T,G

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20
Q

How do these bases pair up in DNA?

A

A&T , C&G

21
Q

Give an example of a protein

A

enzymes

22
Q

how is the active site of an enzyme formed?

A

folding of protein

23
Q

why are proteins polymers

A

they are made of many amino acids joined in a chain

24
Q

how many bases does a codon contain?

A

3

25
Q

whats a mutation

A

a change in the bases of a gene that creates a genetic variant

26
Q

whats an organisms phenotype?

A

its observed characteristics

27
Q

whats an organisms phenotype?

A

its observed characteristics

28
Q

what are different versions of the same gene called?

A

alleles

29
Q

what sort of variation do alleles cause in organism

A

genetic variation

30
Q

what word describes both alleles are the same?

A

homozygous

31
Q

if a dominant allele has the letter A, how would u show an organism is heterozygous?

A

Aa

32
Q

what word describes the characteristics of a gene?

A

a phenotype

33
Q

what word describes the alleles of a gene found in an organism

A

genotype

34
Q

whats a recessive allele

A

a

35
Q

a genotype is written QQ. What does this tell you?

A

It is homozygous and dominant

36
Q

whats probability?

A

the chance of an event happening

37
Q

how can we show the possible offspring through two peoples alleles?

A

punnett square

38
Q

what do x and y chromosomes make?

A

male

39
Q

probibalitly of having a boy

A

50%

40
Q

Formation of DNA

A
  • Two strands coil to form a double helix
  • Strands linked by complimentary base pairs
  • Base pairs joined by weak hydrogen bonds
41
Q

What are the DNA bases made out of

A

Sugar & phosphate

42
Q

How are the base pairs joined together?

A

Weak hydrogen bonds

43
Q

What’s the first step of extracting DNA from fruit?

A

Use detergent to break down cell membrane and release DNA

44
Q

Why do you add salt when extracting DNA in fruit cells

A

Salt makes the DNA stick together

45
Q

What’s the last step of extracting DNA from fruit cells?

A

Add ice-cold ethanol

46
Q

Why do You add ethonal to fruit cells?

A

because the DNA isn’t soluble in cold alcohol

47
Q

What happens after alchol has been added?

A

It will appear as a white stringy precipitate

48
Q

4 stages of genetic engineering

A
  1. Gene extracted using restricted enzyme
  2. Plasmid extracted from bacterial cell
  3. Enzyme used to cut open plasmid
  4. Gene inserted into plasmid, sealed by an enzyme.

Biology (9 decks)

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