Topic 3- challenges of an urbanising world Flashcards
what is suburbanisation
movement of people from the middle of the city to the edges
give three likely reasons of suburbanisation
urban areas may become too overcrowded and polluted.
suburban areas have more open green spaces than urban areas
improvement in trasnport networks means people can live in the suburbs and travel to the city to work
what is De-industrialisation
manufacturing moving out of an area
what is counter-urbanisation
the movement of people away from large urban areas to smaller settlements and rural areas
give three likely reasons of counter - urbanisation
people want a higher quality of life so move to rural areas and house prices are lower
improvements of public transport means people can live further from the city and still commute to work.
improvements in communication centres allows more people to work from home
what is regeneration
the change/improvement of any area
what is the main reason for regeneration
to attract people and buisnesses back to the city centre
what are the three different types of land use
commercial, industrial, residential
what is commercial land use
office buildings, shopping centres and hotels
what is industrial land use
factories, warehouses
what is residential land use
houses, flats, apartments
what is the main land use inn the CBD
commercial and public buildings
what is the main land use in the inner city
mainly residential (low-class housing) and older industry
what is the mian land use in the suburbs
mainly residential (medium-class housing)
what is the main land use in the rural-urban fringe
commercial business parks and residential (high-class housing)
what are the four main things land use is influenced by
accessibility, planning regulations, availability, cost
give an example of a planning regulation in the rural urban fringe and what does it do
the green belt where land cant be built on which stops the city sprawling in the countryside
describe most city centres accessibility and why
usually very accessible as they are the location of the main train and bus stations and the centre of road network
describe availability in most city centres and what this causes
almost all land in the city centre is in use and demand is high. therefore because availability is low on the ground business may extend upwards therefore the tallest buildings are often in the centre
describe the cost in most city centres what does this do to the house sizing
city centre has the highest land prices and the cost of land decreases towards the edge of the city. therefore houses tend to increase in size from the inner city to the suburbs as the price of land decreases
lightly summarise the city and the country it belongs to that you studied which is in Africa
Lagos in Nigeria- a developing country but richest in africa. the citys population is over 21 million and it one of the fastest growing urban areas in the world
describe the location of Lagos
Lagos is located at the outlet of the massive Lagos lagoon on the Atlantic western coast of Africa
why is the location of Lagos important for its development
due to its location close to the lagoon it contains one of the biggest ports in Africa helping the transportation of imports and exports of goods and is an important centre of global trade
what are two things lagos have that are important for its global trade
international port
airport
describe Lagos’ significance to nigeria
Lagos in Nigeria’s biggest city for population and business and is the main financial centre for the whole of west Africa. The city contains 80% of the Nigerias industry and many global companies are located there
how does Lagos have a cultural importance in Nigeria
home to the nigerian film industry ‘Nollywood’ and has a thriving music scene which has introduced music style such as afrobeats and hip-hop
describe the process of which Lagos has developed
by 1960 Lagos had spread north and east along the near road and rail links and so industries developed near major transport links. rapid expansion meant by 1990 Lagos had merged with the smaller surrounding towns to form a continuous urban area and continue to sprawl into the country side. slums have developed on less desirable land on the outskirts throughout its history.
how old is the CBD of Lagos, what is its function and where is it
it is in Lagos island containing modern, high rise office buildings, local government headquarters and banks
what type of housing is in the inner city of lagos and what are the two places
inner city contains two places- Mushin and Ikeja which consist of older, higher density, low quality houses
what is the buildings like in the suburbs of lagos
its in victoria island which mainly contains modern, high-class residential and commercial- lots of businesses and shops
how old is the rural urban fringe of Lagos, what are the two places
contains two places- Ojo and Lekki containing low density new housing and a new port i being built
how did Lagos develop historically
the city was under British rule during colonial times and was a centre of trade which attracted traders and merchants to the city. Many ex-slaves also came to lagos
how did lagos develop from 1960 to 1990
after lagos gained interdependance there was rapid economic development - the export of oil made some people very wealthy. the government financed lots of construction projects which created jobs leading to rabid urbanisation so lots of people moved to Lagos from rural Nigeria. Birth rates were high whilst death rates were low which created a rapidly growing population
how has lagos developed recently
the countries bordering Nigeria are poor and involved in conflict (Chad and Niger), many people leaves these countries for a better life in Lagos. also there is migration from northern parts of nigeria due to the ethnic and religous conflict and high levels of poverty. birth rates are still higher than death rates.
how has lagos’ development chnaged its land use
the city has expanded outward meaning a larger area is now built on. lots of people are forced to live in the rural urban fringe because the urban city has become too expensive.
empty areas are now built on and slums have been upgraded where new 3-4 storey apartments have been built.
some of the old middle class residential areas have become high class luxury housing
describe the challenges of Lagos in terms of squatter settlements (4)
over 60% of the citys population lives in slums
houses are often flimsy and illegally built
the only electricity comes from illegal connections that are often cut out
there are high levels of crime and many slums are patrolled by gangs
why does Lagos have some of the worst traffic congestion in the world (3)
there has been little investment in transport infrastructure, despite the city growing enormously
public transport is limited although there are plans to improve it
the CBD id on an island with only three bridges linking it to the rest of the city
describe the challenges of Lagos in terms of limited service provision (2 reasons)
there arent enough schools for the population and many families cant afford to send their children to school
there arent enough health care facilities and many people cant afford to pay for treatment
describe the challenges of Lagos in terms of poor employment conditions (4)
there arent enough formal jobs for the growing population so people have to make money any way they can
about 60% of the population work in informal jobs e.g. street sellers, barbers
no protection for informal workers
lots of people live on less than $1.25 a day
describe the challenges of Lagos in terms of its waste disposal (3)
most of the city doesnt have proper access to proper sewers and most of the waste goes into the lagoon causing health problems e.g. cholera
the huge population produces lots of waste
only about 40% of the total rubbish is officially collected and emissions from factories arent controlled leading to air and water pollution
describe the challenges of Lagos in terms of its water supply
only about 40% of the population is connected to the state water supply, the pipes are old and rusty meaning the water often gets contaminated with sewage
the state water company supplies less than half of the water that is needed. water is in such a short supply that people pay hugely inflamed prices to get water from informal sellers
what are the 6 main challenges lagos faces
squatter settlements
traffic congestion
limited service prevision
poor employment conditions
waste disposal
water supply
what are three features of rich people in lagos
they can afford better housing and live in luxurious very expensive gated communities such as banana island
they can afford to live closer to work so dont have to face traffic jams everyday
they run their own powerful generators fro electricity so dont have to share with the rest of the city
what are three features of the poor in lagos
cant afford high quality housing so end up living in slums that regularly flood or is close to polluting factories
electricity is not available to the poorest people in slums so they rely on small petrol generators which cause pollution reducing quality of life
lack of waste disposal leads to health risks
what are 4 examples of top-down projects in lagos
improving water supply
improving waste disposal
reducing traffic congestion
improving air quality
how do the inequalities of the rich and the poor make political and environmental managment challenging in lagos (2)
there are different development priorities - the wealthy want investment in more high-class industry but the poor need investment in housing improvement and in services
corruption is common in nigeria - the government can introduce laws e.g. traffic regulations but the wealthy know they can ignore them and bribe the police if they get caught
what is a top-down project
large scale, expensive infrastucture projects run by governments and IGOs
how is the government in lagos trying to reduce tarffic congestion
two new light rail lines will help to relieve road congestion. the liens will connect to the CBD and Lagos island. trains will limit air pollution by reducing road traffic. the route will take 35 mins by train but would take 4 hours by car
how is the government trying to improve waste disposal in lagos
working to improve rubbish collection by making sure collection vans can reach every part of the city recycling banks are being put in every estate and people are encouraged to sort and recycle their waste
how has the governemnt imporved air quality in lagos
small electricity generators are a big source of air pollution, to improve air quality the government banned import of small generators - instead communities are encouraged to run one large generator which will produce less emissions overall
what are bottom-up strategies
smaller scale projects run by communities and non governmental organisations
what are 3 bottom up strategies used in lagos to improve sustainability
improving health
improving city housing
improving education
what are three advantages of top-down strategies
can achieve large imporvemennts that affect the whole city
can carry out higher cost projects that communites or NGOs would struggle to find
can address economical, social and environmental sustainability
what are three negatives of top down strategies
often very expensive
dont always have the support of communites who may decide to deny or ignore the strategy
may ot help those who are most in need
what are two advantages of bottom up strategies
planned with local community so it has their support and can target issues that most concern local people
often funded by donations from more developed countries or wealthy people
what are three disadvantages of bottom up strategies
smaller scale porjects so reach fewer people
funds may be limited
can lack coordination- there may be several NGOs with the same aims working seperately
