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Geography > Topic 1Hazardous Earth > Flashcards

Topic 1Hazardous Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

What is global atmospheric circulation

A

The movement of air around the planet

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2
Q

Describe low pressure zones

A

As air warms it rises leading to low pressure on the surface

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3
Q

Describe high pressure

A

As air cools it descends leading to high pressure on the surface

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4
Q

Why does air subside at the poles

A

The loss of energy at the poles creates very cold air that subsides towards the surface

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5
Q

How does temperature and rainfall change when moving from the equator to the poles

A

Temperature decreases directing to the poles as it recieves less sunlight and nearer to the equator more water is evaporated leading to more rainfall aswell

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6
Q

What is the source of global atmospheric circulation

A

The rotation of the earth and the amount of heat different parts of the globe recieve

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7
Q

What are some features about winds of high pressure locations

A

Winds tend to be light and rotate in a clockwise direction

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8
Q

What are the three cells in the hemisphere called

A

The Hadley, Ferrel and polar cells

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9
Q

What direction does winds blow (pressure zones)

A

Winds blow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure transferring heat away from the equator

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10
Q

What do ocean currents do

A

Ocean currents have a large scale movement of water that transfers heat energy from warmer to colder regions

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11
Q

What do surface currents do

A

They help transfer heat awat from the equator and are caused by winds

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12
Q

What are 4 different factors that have caused natural climate change

A

Volcanic eruption/asteroid strikes, fluctuations in solar radiation, tectonic shifts, slight changes in our orbit

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13
Q

What are orbital changes and what do they cause

A

Variations in the way the earth moves around the sun. This may cause glacial and inter-glacial cycles during the quaternary period

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14
Q

What is axiel tilt and what can it cause

A

The earth doesnt sit with the north and south poles perfectly and the earth is tilted at 23*, over long periods of time the angle slightly changes which the earth might be tilted further away from the which exagerates the difference in seasons, and the same the other way.

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15
Q

What is precission (wobble)

A

The earth does not rotate perfectly on its axis and it wobbles, because of this the direction the axis is facing slihhtly changes. This creates either greater or smaller changes in seasons between summer and winter

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16
Q

How is the emission of dust and ash important when volcanic erupitions and asteroid strikes occur

A

When large volumes of dust gets ejected into the atmosphere it blocks solar radiation which can lead to glacial periods. The blanket of ash and gas will prevent sunlight reaching the earths surface and reflects sunlight back into space

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17
Q

What are sun spots

A

Black areas in the sun’s surface, if there are more black spots this tells us the sun is more active. Lots of black spots mean more solar energy being fired out from the sun towards earth making the earth warmer

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18
Q

What are ice cores and how do they help us infer previous temperatures

A

The ice contains bubbles of the air from each year. The bubble in each layer represents how much CO2 they contain. We can learn about the temperatures fir each year by measuring relative amounts of different types of oxygen atoms in the water

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19
Q

What are tree rings and how do they help tell us abiut previous climates

A

Each ring shows one year of growth. Chnage sin shape and size of tree rings can show conditions during that year. Warmer and wetter weather is shown with bigger rings. Cool and drier weather is shiw by thinner rings

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20
Q

How can histricial evidence help tell us about previous climates

A

Old photos, drawings, diaries and writtens records. These souces are often not very acurate becauss they were not intended to record weather however they do give us some information

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21
Q

What are convergent plate boundaries

A

Where two plates move towards each other

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22
Q

What are conservative plate boundaries

A

Plates are mobing sideways of eachother

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23
Q

What are divergent plate boundaries

A

To plates moving away from eachtoher

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24
Q

Where do composite volcanoes occur

A

Convergent plate bpundaries

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25
Q

Where do shield volcanoes occur

A

Occur at divergent plate boundaries

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26
Q

How does farming increase global warming

A

Farming of livestock releases lots of methan, cows farting.

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27
Q

How does industry increase global warming

A

Industrial processes release greenhouse gasses. When cement is produced it relases CO2

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28
Q

What temperature do tropical cyclones develop at

A

26.5C or higher

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29
Q

What causes winds

A

Differences in air pressure

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30
Q

What way do winds move

A

High pressure zones to low pressure zones

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31
Q

What are high pressure zones

A

Cool declining air

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32
Q

What are Low pressure zones

A

Warm ascending air

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33
Q

At 30° north and south of the quator what is the air pressure

A

High pressure zone

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34
Q

What are trade winds

A

Surface winds that blow towards the equator

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35
Q

What are westerlies (winds)

A

Winds that blow towards poles

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36
Q

At 60° north and south of the equator what are the pressure zones

A

Low pressure zones

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37
Q

What pressure zones are both poles

A

High pressure zones

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38
Q

What causes surface currents

A

Winds

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39
Q

What do surface currents do

A

Transfer heat from the equator to cooler regions

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40
Q

What are deep ocean currents caused by

A

Differences in water density

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41
Q

What happens to the air when ferrel nd hadley cells meet

A

Air skins creating high pressure belt

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42
Q

How does pressure affect levals of rain fall

A

High pressure - low rainfall
Low pressure - high rainfal

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43
Q

What are the conditions in tropical climate zones

A

High temperatures
High rainfall

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44
Q

What is the name of the most recent geological period that started 2.6millions years ago and is still active today

A

Quaternary period

45
Q

How long do galcial periods roughly last for

A

100,000 years

46
Q

How long do interglacial periods roughly last for

A

10,000 years

47
Q

What are the 4 different sources that show evidence of cilimate change

A

Tree rings
Ice cores
Temperature records
Pollen analysis

48
Q

Exaplain the distribution of short and long wave radiations from from the sun and earth.

A

The incoming energy from sun is called short-wave radiation
The outgoing energy from the earth is long-wave radiation

49
Q

What do gases in the atmosphere do. (Greenhouse effect)

A

They naturally act as an insukating layer. They let short-wave radiation in but trap long-wave radiation helping to keep the earth at rhe right temperature. This is called greenhouse effect

50
Q

Give two examples of greenhouse gases

A

Carbon dioxide and methane

51
Q

What is the enhanced greenhouse effect

A

The proccess of which humans activites causing global warming by making the greenhouse effect stronger

52
Q

How does farming enhance the greenhouse effect.

A

Farming of livestock produces a lot of methane due to cows farting

53
Q

Explain one way in which industries enhance the greenhouse effect

A

Industrial waste may end up in landfill sites where it decays. This release methane

54
Q

Give one way fossil fuels enhance the green house effect

A

Foosil fuels like coal,oil and natural gas are burnt at power stations (for example) which releases CO2.

55
Q

Explain one way how transportation increases greenhouse effect

A

Most cars, lorries, ships and planes use fossil fuels to function which releases CO2 when burnt.

56
Q

Give 4 factors that show how humans are causing global warming

A

Declining arctic ice
Global temperature rise
Seal level rise and warming oceans
Extreme weather events

57
Q

What are 3 impacts of climate change

A

More money has to be spent on predicting extreme weather events, reducing their impacts and reversing them
Low lying coastal areas could be lost by flooding
Areas could become too hot and dry for people to live in. This will force people to leave and overcrowed in other cities/countries.

58
Q

What is the most common location in terms of distance from equator are tropical cyclones formed

A

Between 5 and 30° north and south of the equator

59
Q

What is the centre of the tropical cyclone called

A

The eye

60
Q

What does dissipate mean

A

Lose strength

61
Q

How fast do winds reach in the eye

A

Up to 50km

62
Q

What are 4features of the eye in the tropical cyclone

A

light winds,
no clouds,
no rain,
high temperature

63
Q

What is the eye surrounded by in a tropical cyclone

A

Eyewall

64
Q

What are 4 features of the eye wall

A

Strong winds
Storm clouds
Torrential rain
Low temperature

65
Q

What are the 3 physical hazards tropical cyclones cause

A

High winds
Intense rainfall
Storm surges
Coastal flooding
Landslides

66
Q

What are 3 impacts tropical cyclones cause on people

A

People may drown in string currents created by floodwater
People can become homeless due to the winds destroying the buildings
People may die to the debris carried by the floodwater
Cholera possibilites increase due to sewage overflowing contaminating water supplies
Unemployment increases due to buisnesses getting damaged or destroyed

67
Q

What are 3 impacts tropical cyclones cause on the environment

A

Trees are uprooted by high winds which can damage or detroy habitats
Storm surges can erode beaches
Flooding caused by storm surges can pollut freshwatee environments with saltwater
Landslides deposit sedimwnr in lakes which can kill ocean life
Flooding can damage industrial buildings which can cause chemicals to leak into the environment

68
Q

What are the 3 different ways to prepare and respond to tropical cyclones

A

Forecasting
Evacuation
Defences

69
Q

How does forecasting prepare for tropical cyclones and whybis it important

A

Scientists can use satelties to predict when and where tropical cyclones will hit land. This gives people more time to evacuate and protect their homes/buisnesses. e.g boarding up windows.

70
Q

Why is evacuation important when minimising impacts from tropicsl cyclones

A

Evacuations can reduce number of deaths and injuries. To help this goverments csn plan evacuation routes to get people away from storms quickly

71
Q

How does defences minimise risks of tropical cyclones and why are they important

A

Defences like sea walls can prevent the damage from storm durges and houses can be built on stilts to stay safe from floodwater. This will reduce number if houses destroyed so fewer people will be killed and made homeless.

72
Q

What was rhe magnitude of hurricane katrina

A

Category 3

73
Q

How many people were killed in hurrican katrina

A

More than 1800

74
Q

How many houses were destroyed

A

300 000 houses

75
Q

Describe the preperation of hurikane katrina (developed country). Was it successful?

A

The USA had a monitoring system (NHC) to predict when are where the hurricsne would hit using satelites. 70-80% of the people in New Orlands evacuated before the hurricane reached land reducing the number of people killed

76
Q

How many people died from cyclone nargis

A

140 000 died

77
Q

How many houses were destroyed in cyclone nargis

A

450 000 were destroyed

78
Q

Describe the preperation if cyclone nargis (developing country). Was it succesful?

A

Myanmar didnt have a good monitoring centre for cyclones this meant indian weather angencies only warned myanmar 48 hours before the cyclone hit. Warnings were issued on Tv and Radio but didnt reach the people in poor communities. The country had no evacuation plans and due to all of this more people were killed. Not succesful.

79
Q

Describe the order in the earths sturtcure from middle to ourside

A

Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

80
Q

What does the temperature range from inside the core

A

4400-6000°C

81
Q

What is the core made out of

A

Iron and nickel

82
Q

What is the mantle made up of

A

Silicon-based rocks

83
Q

What does the temperature of the mantle vary from

A

From 1000 to 3700°C

84
Q

What is the crust made up of

A

Silicon based rocks

85
Q

What are the two types of crusts called

A

Continental and oceanic

86
Q

Compare oceanic and continental crusts

A

Continental crusts are thicker and less dense
Oceanic crusts and thinner and more dense

87
Q

What is the process that moves tectonic plates

A

Convection currents

88
Q

What are different names for the crust and mantle

A

Lithosphere
Asthenosphere

89
Q

Describe the peoccess of convection currents

A

When lower parts of the asthenosphere (mantle) heat up, they become less dense and slowly rise. As they move towards the top of the mantle the cool down and become more dense causing them to sink. These cricular movements of semi-molton rock are called convection currents.

90
Q

At what plate bondaries are volcanos found at

A

Convergent and divergent plate boundaries

91
Q

What happens when an oceanic and continental plate meet at a convergent plate boundary

A

The denser oceanic plate is forced down into the mantle and destroyed creating volcanos.

92
Q

What happens when two continental plate boundaries meet

A

The ground is folded and forced upwards which chreates mountain ranges

93
Q

What happens at divergent plate boundaries

A

Plates move away from eachother and magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap and cools creating new crust

94
Q

Where are hotpsots found

A

Away from poate boundaries

95
Q

What are hotpsots and how do they occur

A

When a large amount of hot magma from the mantle moves towards the surface causing an unusal floe of heat from the mantle to the crust. Sometines the magma can break through the crust and reach the surface causing an eruption and a volcano

96
Q

What are the two different types of volcanos

A

Conposite volcanos
Shield volcanios

97
Q

3 features of a composite volcano

A

Steep sides
Explosive eruptions
Thick and sticky lava

98
Q

3 features of a shield volcano

A

Low flat sides
Not explosive
Runny lava

99
Q

At what plate boundaries do earth quakes occur

A

All plate boundaries

100
Q

What are earthquakes measured in

A

Moment magnitude scale

101
Q

What is the focus of an earthquake

A

The point at which the earthquake starts

102
Q

Why do deep-focus earthquakes have a lower magnitude than shallow-focus earhquakes

A

Deep-focus earthquakes’ shockwaves have to travel through more rock to reach the surface which reduces the energy they carry to the surface

103
Q

What is the epicentre in tsunamis

A

The point durectly above the focus

104
Q

Give 3 short-term reliefs developed countries will do after a disaster like an earthquake

A

Recover dead dead bodies to prevent spread of disease
Rescuing people still alive who are trapped due to collaps builds, roads or bridges
Treating injured people to prevent more deaths

105
Q

What are primary impacts

A

Immediete impacts of the hazard

106
Q

Give an two primary impacts of an earthquake

A

Builds collaps/damages
Roads get destroyed

107
Q

Gice two possible secondary impacts of an earthquake

A

Earthquake causes a tsunami
People becoming homeless due to destroyed houses

108
Q

How can scientists predict an earthquake

A

Lasers can be used to detect the mobement of tectonic plates before an earthquake

109
Q

How can scientists predict volcanos

A

Thermal imaging cameras can be used to detect changes in temperature around the volcano. Temperature increase before a volcano.

Geography (7 decks)

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