Topic 2 - Development Dynamics Flashcards
What is GDP? What is it a measure of and when a country develops does it decrease or increase?
Gross Domestic Product. The toal vslue of goods and services a country produces in a year. It is a measure of wealth and increases as a country develops
What is GNI? What is it a measure of and when a country develops does it decrease or increase?
The toal value of goods and seevices produced by a country in a year, including inc9me from overseas.
How do you calculate ___ per capita
___ devided by the population of the country
What is fertility rate? What is it a measure of and when a country develops does it decrease or increase?
The average number of births per woman. Its a measure of womens rights and as a country develops it decreases
What is infant mortality rate? What is it a measure of and when a country develops does it decrease or increase?
Number of babies who die before the age of 1 per 1000 babies born. It is a measure of health care and dcereases as a country develops.
What is maternal mortality rate? What is it a measure of and when a country develops does it decrease or increase?
Number of women who die due to pregnancy related problem per 100,000 births. It is a measure of health care and as a country develops it decreases.
What is gini coefficient? What is it a measure of and when a country develops does it decrease or increase?
A score from 0 (equal) to 1 (inequality). Measures the inequality in a country and lowers as a country develops
Describe the fertility and birth rate in a developing country. Explain.
Developing countries have higher fertility and birth rates because theres no use of contraception. Womens rights are likely to be low so they dont have a say in how many children they want causing a high fertility rate.
Describe hte fertility rate in emerging countries
Fertility rates fall rapidly as women start to have a more equal place in society and a better education so the use of contraception increases
Decribe the fertility rate in a developed country. Explain.
In developed country dertility rates are low because people want a high quality of life and may have dependent elderly relative so there is less money to have children.
Decribe and explain the population pyramid in developing countries.
Have a very wide base whcih rapidly narrows leaving little to no people above the age of 90. Many more young people than old people due to a high birth rate and a low life expectancy.
Decribe and explain the population pyramid in emerging countries
The base of the pyramid is more narrow and top starts to widen (compared to developing countries). There are more people of working age and lower proportion of children. Use of contraception increases due to better education and health care increases life expectancy.
Decribe and explain the population pyramid in developed countries
Much wider at the top of the pyramid and the base gets narrower leaving the midle to bulge out. This is because health care is very good so life expectancy is very high and women may not to have children as they seek a hugh quality of life
Give an example of a developing country you have studied
Chad
Give an example or a an emerging country you have studied
India
Give an example of a developed country you have studied
UK
How can climate affect how developed a country is
If a country has a poor climate (really hot, really cold, really dry) not much will grow. This reduces the amount of food produced which can lead to malnutrition which leads to a low quality of life
How does education affect how developed a country is
Educating people produces a more skilled workforce meaning the country can produce more goods and offer more services. This can bring more money into the country through trade and investment.
How does the shape of land of a country affect its development (2 ways)
If the land of a country is steep then it wont produce alot of food having the same affect as a poor climate.
Steep land can also make it difficult to build infastructurewhich can limit trade and a difficult to provide basic services
What is rostows theory in simple terms
5 stages of economic development
What is stage one of rostows theory. Explain.
Traditional society- farming, fishing and forestry. Little trade
What is stage 2 of rostows theory. Explain.
Preconditions for take off- manufacturing starts to develop, infastructure is built like roads.
What is stage 3 of rostows theory
Take off- rapid intensive growth, large-scale industrialisation. Increasing wealth.
What is step 4 of rostows theory. Exaplain.
Drive to maturity- economy grows so people get wealthier so standard of living rises
What is step 5 of the rostows theory. Explain
Mass consumpotion- lots of trade. Goods are mass produced, wealthy people.
What does the franks dependency theory suggest
Some poorer, weaker countries remain poor because they are dependant on the core countries that are richer and more powerful
What does rostows theory show
How a countrys level of economic development changes over time through relying on primary industry through secondary industry
Give an example that supports franks dependency theory
Poorer countries have been encourages to grow crops and produce primary products to sell cheaply to richer countries. This means they are manufacturing goods at high prices for richer countries to provide for their own population. This traps them in poverty making them a dependant wconomy.
What are NGOs
Non government organisations
Give 2 advantages of NGOs
Projects adress the needs of local residents
Cheap materials are used so community isnt dependant on expensive imports
Give 2 disadvantages of NGOs
Peojects are small-scale so wont benefit everyone
Organisations may not work together so projects may be inefficient
What are IGOs
Inter governmental organisations
Give two advantages of IGOs
They can afford large infrastructure projects in developing and emerging countries
Projects can improve the countrys economy
What are two disadvantages of IGOs
Large projects are often expensive and the country may have to pay back money
If government is corrupt government may use money for own purposes
Give two advantages of TNCs
Provide employment for local people
More companies create a greater income from taxes for the host country
Give two disadvantages of TNCs
Profits can leave the host country
Can cause environmental problems where there are less environemntsl regulations
Explain two ways globalisation has helped india to become more developed
More than 50% of all indian people own a mobile phone enabling lots of people to start their own buisnesses
Some large TNCs (microsoft, nokia) outsource some IT to india bringing jobs and a greater income of taxes
Explain two ways government policy has increased development in india
.In 2009 india made primary education free and cumpolsary creating a more educated workforce
.The rail network being upgraded and new roads and airports are being built reducing travel time. This enables thousands of commuters to be able to travel to work
What type of country is india and where is it loacted in the world
India is an emerging country located in southern asia
How much has indias gdp grown from 1990 to 1015
In 1990 indias gdp was $0.3 trillion and increased to $2.1 trillion in 2010
How has indias imports improved from 1990 to 2015. What does this show?
In 1990 indias imports mainly consisted of manufactured goods e.g. machinery, goods. In 2015 their main import was crude oil for transport and industry showing how india had more money to spend on more expensive imports and the imports they needed (crude oil) lead from the development of transport and industry
Give two pieces of evidence that shoes indias globalisation
More than 50% of indian people now own a mobile phone which has enabled many people to start their own buisnesses to give them a larger income.
Some large TNCs e.g. Microsoft, Nokia and Coca-Cola have implaced manufacturing centres and it in india. This brings jobs which lesds fo a greater income from taxes
Give two examples on how the change government policy helped development in india
In 2009 india made education free and cumpulsory, 96% of indian children now go school
New rail network is being built ehich imporves easy travel and reduced travel times to work, encouraging people to lick in rural areas but work in urban
How mich has indias population increased from 1990 to 2015 and why, what did this cause?
In 1990 indias population sat at 870 million and increased to 1.3 billion in 2015 as birth rates started to increase and death / infant mortality rates fell. This meant the majority of the population were young increasing the proportion of people in the working sector.
What are the two different areas presenting inequality within india that you studied
Maharashtra and bihar
Why is there inequality within india, 3 reasons
The growth of manufacturing and services has benefited urban areas (maharashtra) more than rural areas (bihar)
More money is invested into urban areas (maharashtra) in order to attract more FDI and TNCs
More rural areas (Bihar)have higher rates of poverty which leads to health problems because peopel cant afford to buy enough food
Compare the GDP per capita and the literacy rate in maharashra and bihar
The GDP per capita in maharashtra is $2561 and in bihar its $682
The literacy rate in maharashtra is 83% and in bihar its 64%
Give 2 positive impacts economic development has for people in that country
All age groups have better health- lower infant and maternal mortality rate
Better education giving young graduates better payed jobs e.g. in ICT
Give 2 negative impacts economic development has on people in india
.Rapid industrialisation means some people may have to do dangerous jobs and working conditions may be poor due to lack of regulations put in place by indian authorities
.As young people move to urban areas to find work there are fewer workers in rural villages meanign children in rural areas may have a poorer education due to a lack of skilled teachers
Give 2 impacts economic development in india has on the environment
Industrialisation leads to a higher energy consumption and an increase in demans of fossil fuels in infustry leads to mroe hreenhouse gasses being rekeased contributing to climate change. India releases almost 7% of the worlds total greenhouse gas emmisions
Urban sprawl leads to land and water pollution- lack of infastructure means 70% of indias sewage flows untreated into rivers.
How is indias globsl influence increasing updue to its involvment in international organisations
India was one oft he foundign members of the UN working towards sustainable development and is a memeber of the G20, a group of the 20 largest economies
How has economic growth changes indias relationship with the USA (2)
The USA expects the economic development of india to increase trade, employment ans economic grwoth in both countries
The USA sees india as a huge market for renewable and nuclear energy because of the number of increasingly wealthy people and the growth of industry
How has economic growth changes indias relationship with the EU (2)
India and the EU engaged in negotiations for a free trade agreemant in 2022. The EU is one of indias biggest markets and trading partners
The EU supports health and education programmes in india to promote continued development
What is a cost of changing international relations for india
There is an increasing tension between India and China- bith have rapdily growing economies. Developed nations are also concerned abotu losing economic poweras india grows
What is a benefit for international relations for india
India can cooperate woth ither countries on global issues e.g. climate change. FDI bring economic benefits to bith india and the country of origin and globsl trade agreemants mean that political actions are more effective
