Topic 3

Question 1

Macronutrients and Micronutients

Answer 1

lipids (fats), carbohydrates, protein, water

Minerals and Vitamins

Question 2

Functions of micro and macro nutrients

Answer 2

Carbohydrates: fuel, energy source, cell membrane, DNA, RNA

Fats: Fuel, energy source, hormones

Protein: striúcture, transport, communication, enzymes, protection, fuel

Vitamins: Energy release from macro, metabolism, bone health, blood health, immune function, eyesight

Minerals: Mineralization of bones and teeth, blood oxygen transportation, defence against free radicals, muscle function.

Question 3

chemical compistion of a glucose molecule

Answer 3

Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon
1:2:1 ration

Question 4

Identify a diagram representing the basic structure of a glucose molecule

Answer 4

6 carbons
12 hydorgen
6 oxygen

Question 5

Explain how glucose molecules can combine to form disaccharides and polysaccharides

Answer 5

condensation reaction
The combination of two or more monosaccharides to create a disaccharide or polysaccharide where a water molecule Is removed in the process
monosaccharide + mono/di/poly = di/poly + water (bye product) monosaccharide-glucose
polysaccharide-glucagon

Question 6

State the composition of a molecule of triacylglycerol

Answer 6

1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids

Question 7

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 7

Saturated fatty acid
have no double bonds between their carbon atoms
· solid at room temp
· from animal sources
unsaturated fatty acid
· one or more double bonds between their carbon atoms
· Liquid at room temp
· from plant-based foods

Question 8

Chemical composition of a protein molecule

Answer 8

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Question 9

Essential and non-essential amino acid

Answer 9

Essential Amino Acid cannot be sythesized by human body and must be obtained by diet

Non-Essential: Can be sythesized by human body

Question 10

Describe current recommendations for a healthy balanced diet

Answer 10

Fats: 10-35 % (Saturated less than 10%)
Carbohydrates: 45-65%
Protein: 20-35%

Question 11

State the approximate energy content per 100gg of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Answer 11

Carbohydrate = 1760 kj
lipids (fnts)= 4000kj
protein = 1720 kj

Question 12

Discuss how the recommended energy distribution of the dietary macronutrients differ between endurance and non athletes

Answer 12

Marathon runner

• uses more calories therefore more carbohydrate intake for energy
• Need more fat stores so slightly increase in fat intake
• tend to thermoregulate more so higher water intake
• Greater mineral and vitamin intake for growth and bone stength/blood cell production
• Need to recover after activity so slightly higher preotin intake

Question 13

Outline metabolism, anabolism, aerobic catabolism, anaerobic catabolism

Answer 13

Metabolism = all blochemical reactions that occur within an organism, including anabolic and catabolic reactions
Anabolism -energy requiring reactions whereby small molecules are built up into larger ones
Aerobic catabolism = Chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simpler ones, with the net release of energy
Anaerobic catabolism: The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler compounds, with the release of energy, In the absence of oxygen

Question 14

State what glycogen is and its major storage sites

Answer 14

· Glucose converted into glycogen when glucose levels are too high (glycogen is stored glucose)
· polysaccharide made out of glucose
· The main stores of glycogen in the body are in liver and muscles

Question 15

State the major sites of triglyceride storage

Answer 15

Adipose tissue and skeletal muscles

Question 16

Explain the role of insulin in the formation of glycogen and the accumulation of body fat

Answer 16

· after eating there is an in Insulin/glucose In the blood Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancrease in response to high levels of blood glucose
alerts the pancrease
The pancreas secretes the Insulin which lowers elevated blood sugar· Insulin speeds up diffusion of glucose into cells (especially In skeletal muscle cells)
· excess glucose is converted into glycogen, removed from the blood stream, and stored in the liver and muscles
· stops fet being used as an energy source
-> Insulin prevents the body from breaking down lipids and glycogen (inhibits lipolysis and glycogenolysis)
↳ promotes accumulation of fet In the body/insulin Stimulates the body to store triglyceride (fat)In adipose issue

Question 17

Outline glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Answer 17

Glycogenolysis -> The breakdown of glycogen back into glucose so it can be released into the blood
Lipolysis -> The breakdown of stored lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

Question 18

Outline the functions of glucagon and adrenaline during fasting and exercise

Answer 18

Glucagon
Fasting: There is an fall in blood glucose levels. Glucagon is a hormone released by the pancreas to stimulate glycogenolysis (glycogen into glucose). And speeds up the conversion of glucose in the liver
Exercise: There is a fall in blood glucose levels. Glucagon is a hormone released by the pancreas to stimulate glycogenolysis. Glucose is used to release energy as a paart of aerobic respiration.

Adrenaline
Fasting: There is a fall in blood glucose levels. Adrenaline is released as a part of the symphatetic nervous system response. This speeds up the conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver.
Exercise: There is a fall in blood glucose levels. Adrenaline is released as a part of the symphateic nervous system repsonse. During exercise there is a increase in demand for glucose within skeletal muscles for respiration. This speeds up the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver

Question 19

Explain the role of insulin and muscle contraction on glucose uptake during exercise

Answer 19

When exercising there is an increase in demand for glucose to allow respiration to take place as insulin and muscle contactions stimulate the uptake of glucose for the blood into cells.
- Insulin levels decrease which allows an increase in glycogenolysis. This is because when we exercise (stenuous), the primary provide of glucose is from our stored glucose within our liver. Stored glycogen in the muscle is the main source of energy for strenuous, prolonged exercise so this is why glycogenolysis occurs as oppose to insulin allowing diffusion of blood glocuse. However, blood glucose diffusion still occurs, as insulin increases cell permeability to glucose, stimulating the uptake from the blood into skeletal muscles during exercise.

Question 20

Annotate a diagram of a ultrastructure of a generalized animal cell

Answer 20

• Ribosomes
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Lysosomes
• Golgi Apparatus
• Mitochondrion
• Nucleus

Question 21

Annotate a diagram of the ultrastructure of a mitochondrion

Answer 21

• Cristae
• Inner Matrix
• Outer smooth membrane

Question 22

Cell respiration

Answer 22

It is the controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells.

Question 23

Explain how adenosine can gain and lose a phosphate molecule

Answer 23

ATP Is only usable form of energy in the body. The energy is from food (eg: carbohydrates)has to be converted into ATP before the potential energy In
them can be used. ATP consists of 1 molecule of adenosine and 3 molecules of phosphate
ATP I ADP I
Hig L ENERGY BOND
↓
ADENOSINE P P P > H2O -> ABENOSINE P P + energy
↳ energy is released from ATP by breaking the bonds that hold the molecules together
· Through phosphorylation, ATP can be re-synthesized by adding a phosphate group to the compound ADP

Question 24

Explain the role of ATP in muscle contraction

Answer 24

• AP travels through the axon and depolarizes the synaptic end knob
• This opens the calcium protein channels and releases calcium into the knob.
• Calcium pushes down the synaptic vessels containing AcH. AcH difusses into the snyaptic cleft and binds to the sodium protein channels. This opens the channels and sodium releases into the cleft.
• The AP travels into the sarcolemma creating a muscle contraction

Question 25

Describe the re-synthesis of ATP by the ATP-PC system

Answer 25

Takes place: Sarcoplasm of muscle cell
Type: Innerobic Only lasts (0 seconds
eg: high power exercise eg: 100m sprint, short burst of intense activity during game (eg: serve)
I mol of ATP re-synthesized
Creative phosphate (CP)broken down by creatine kinase and produces enough energy and an phosphate molecule
to turn ADP + P = ATP

Question 26

Describe the production of ATP by the lactic acid system

Answer 26

Glycogen -> 2 moles of ATP fuel/food = glycogen/glucose
-> glycolysis
-
Gluose energye2ATD 2 high-intensity activity (10s-3min) waste products-lactic acid
lactated de PyPhoschofructoks i -> 400 meters anaerobic
lactate Dehydrogenase
-> Sarcoplasm

Question 27

Explain the phenomena of oxygen deficit and oxygen debt

Answer 27

Oxygen Deficit: The difference between the amount of oxygen consumed during exercise and the amount that would have been consumed
If herobic respiration occurred Immediately
Oxygen Debt: known as EPOC excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Represents the amount of oxygen consumed In recovery
after exercise
-> Demand of Oxygen supply
↳ your body is mainly utilizing anaerobic energy system, causing lactic mid builds up as an undesirable waste product
↳ This system occurs up to 60 sec (on individual)before severe fatigue sets in

Question 28

Describe the production of ATP from glucose and fatty acids by the aerobic system

Answer 28

Glycogen
↓
Glucose ( anaerobic Takes place: Sarcoplasm/matrix/Criste
2 ATP -G glycolysis
pyruvic neid
↓ Mitochondrin
ncetyl-coenzyme n Type: Zerobic
↓
CO2 ~ Krebs
> cycle eg: marathon (hours)
2 ATP < ↓
H20
-
ETC -> 34 ATP

Question 29

Discuss the characteristics of the three energy systems and their relative contribution during exercise

Question 30

Evaluate the relative contributions of the three energy systems during different types of exercise