Topic 1 Flashcards
The difference between Axial and Appendicular skeleton
Axial: center axis of the body eg: Vertabrae, skull, ribs, sternum
Appendicular: Is the bones which are attached to axial
eg: Pectoral girdle, humerous, femur, carpals…, tarpals…, tibia, radius
Functions of axial and appendicular
Axial:
To protect skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column
Attachment point for muscles support pelvis and vertebrae
Appendicular:
Attachment point for muscles movement of muscles with bones acting as levers
support organs and tissues requiring structure
blood cell formation: RBC and WBC
mineral reservoir: Phosphorus and calcium
Types of bones with example
Long: Femur, humerus, Tibia, Metatarsals, phalanges
Short: carpals
Irregular: Vertebrae, sacrum
Flat: ribs, cranium, scapula
The structure of a long bone
-Epiphysis, spongy bone, articular cartilage, diaphysis, compact bone, bone marrow, marrow cavity, blood vessel, periosteum, endosteum
Explain how the structure of a long bone contributes to its function
- Hollow shape keeps weight low= allow efficint movement
- Cartilage reduces friction= reduces damage
- Spongy bone/red bone marrow produces RBC and WBC= o2 delivery and fight dieses
- Yellow bone marrow= provides a fat storage
Anatomical terminology
Inferior
Superior
Proximal
Distal
medial
Lateral
Posterior
Anterior
Internal
External
What is connective tissue + the three types
Tissue that supports, protects and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body
Cartilage: Reduces friction on bone ends
Ligament: Bone to Bone
Tedon: Bone to muscle
Cartilage function
Cartilage is a hard, strong connective tissue that provides support for some soft tissues and forms a sliding area for joints so that bones can move easily.
Ligament
A ligament is a band of tough fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another, serving to support and strengthen a joint
Tendon
Tedon connects bone to muscle. They are specialised skeletal structures that generally transmit muscular pull to bones.
Define joint
Where two or more bones articulate
Types of joints + Characteristics
Fibrous: No joint cavity, thin layer of fibrous tissue connecting edges of two bones, dont move eg: sutures between bones in skull
Cartilaginous: No joint cavity, bones can be seperated by a fibrocartilage disc or thick layer of hyaline cartialge, slight movement eg: joint between vertebrae and spinal column
Synovial: has joint cavity, most occurring, important for mobility, freely moveable eg: knee
Synovial joint drawing
Different types of synovial joints, function, movement allowed, examples
Hinge: Flexion and extension in one direction eg: elbow, knee
Ball and Soccer: Move all direction eg: shoulder, hip
Condyloid: eg: between radius and carpal
Pivot: eg: top of neck
Gliding: Eg: between carpal/tarsal bones
Saddle: eg: Metatrapals of thumb
Characteristic of muscle tissue
Contractility -muscle can shorten
Extensibility e muscle can lengthen more than at rest
Elasticity -> after stretching (lengthening muscle) it can return to rest without damage
A trophy -> Complete wasting away part of the body
Muscular hypertrophy-most common/visible forms of organ hypertrophy In Skeletal muscle when strength training
↳ depending on type of exercise, the hypertrophy can occur through& Sarcoplasmic volume or increased contractile proteins
