Topic 2.3.1 - Cell cycle and chromosomes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis and interphase

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2
Q

What happens in the G1 phase?

A

Cell replicates organelles
This requires a lot of protein so transcription and translation occur
Size of cell increases so that daughter cells will be correct size

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3
Q

What happens to DNA content and chromosmes in the S phase?

A

DNA content doubles
New chromatids form
Number of chromosomes stay the same however
so the cell needs to synthesise a lot of DNA

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4
Q

What happens during the G2 phase?

A

The cell replaces energy stores used during the s phase.
Continuation of transcription and translation
If any chromosomes are damaged they’re repaired
Cell growth

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5
Q

What are the two stages in the mitotic phase?

A

Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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6
Q

What is the G0 phase

A

When a cell exits the cell cycle

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7
Q

Reasons why cells enter the G0 phase.

A

Fully differentiated cells enter forever e.g adult nerve cells
DNA in cells can become damaged and then the cell will no longer be able to divide - senescent cells
B memory cells enter temporarily but can be triggered to re-enter cell cycle during infection

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8
Q

What happens if a cell fails at a checkpoint?

A

It leaves the cell cycle and enters G0

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9
Q

What are the 3 checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
Metaphase checkpoint

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10
Q

What happens at the G1 checkpoint?

A

Cell is checked if it’s the correct size before entering the s phase
Also looks for DNA damage

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11
Q

What happens at the G2 checkpoint?

A

Again checked for DNA damage
And checks that the cell has grown to the correct size

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12
Q

What happens at the metaphase checkpoint?

A

Checks chromosomes are assembled correctly on the mitotic spindle
Once passed, the cell can enter cytokinesis

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13
Q

How is DNA packed into chromosomes?

A

DNA wraps around histone proteins, this forms nucleosomes.
Nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibres called chromatin
Chromatin loops and folds with the help of other proteins to form chromosomes

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14
Q

What’s a karyotype?

A

An individuals collection of chromosomes

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