Topic 2.1.3 - Eukaryotic cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the nucleus consist of?

A

nuclear envelope
nuclear pores
nucleolus
chromatin
chromosomes
nucleoplasm

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2
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Acts as a control centre
Contains genetic material in the form of DNA and RNA

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3
Q

What does the mitochondria consist of?

A

double membrane (inner and outer) inner layer folds to form cristae which forms a large surface area for the attachment of enzymes in respiration.
Made from matrix which contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA

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4
Q

Functions of mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration
Production of ATP

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5
Q

What does a chloroplast consist of?

A

Grana - stacks of thylakoids
chlorophyll is contained in thylakoids (1st stage of photosynthesis)
Stroma is the fluid filled mixture (2nd stage)

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6
Q

Function of the chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis

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7
Q

What does the plant cell wall consist of?

A

Mostly made from insoluble cellulose
The middle lamella is the first layer of the cell - mostly made of pectin

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8
Q

Function of the cell wall?

A

provide structural strength to the cell

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9
Q

What does the golgi apparatus consist of?

A

Made of flattened stacks called cisternae

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10
Q

Functions of the golgi apparatus

A

Proteins and lipids made in the ER are passed to the golgi apparatus
Golgi modifies (adds carbohydrates) the proteins and lipids and then transfers to other parts of the cell in golgi vesicles.
Golgi also forms lysosomes

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11
Q

Where are 80S ribosomes found and what is there function?

A

eukaryotic cells
site of protein synthesis

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12
Q

Structure and function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Has ribosomes
Provides a large surface area for protein synthesis

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13
Q

Structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A

No ribosomes
Synthesises, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates

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14
Q

Function of the nucleolus

A

A dense area of pure DNA and protein
Involved in ribosome production

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15
Q

What is the tonoplast and what does it do?

A

Is the membrane of the vacuole
Controls which chemicals enter and leave the vacuole

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16
Q

What does the cell sap in the vacuole contain?

A

dissolved sugars
mineral salts
amino acids

17
Q

In plant cells how is a vacuole adapted to its function?

A

Low water potential meaning water moves into plant cell by osmosis

18
Q

What makes up centrioles?

A

a bundle of 9 tubules

19
Q

What is the role of centrioles in cell division?

A

when a cell divide, centrioles pull apart to produce a spindle of microtubules involved in the movement of chromosmes.

20
Q

What does a lysosome consist of?

A

membrane, lumen and proteins

21
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

The cytoskeleton is a 3D dynamic structure made up of microfilaments and microtubules that fill the cytoplasm and give it structure, keeping the organelles in place and enabling cell movements and transport within the cell.

22
Q

What subunits are 80s and 70s ribosomes made from?

A

80s - 40s and 60s

70s - 30s and 50s

23
Q

What is the membrane of the ER called?

A

Cisternae

24
Q

Function of lysosomes?

A

Digest pathogens or digest old organelles.

25
Q

What is the plasmodesmata?

A

Cytoplasmic bridges between cells.

26
Q

What is the name for the interconnected cytoplasm of the cells?

A

symplast

27
Q

What are the subunits for microfilaments and microtubules?

A

Microfilaments = Actin and myosin
Microtubules = Tubulin

28
Q

Why are thylakoids stacked into grana?

A

Light can be absorbed more efficiently for photosynthesis.

29
Q

What is meant by the term tissue?

A

A group of cells working together to carry out a specific function.