Topic 2.1.3 - Eukaryotic cells

Question 1

What does the nucleus consist of?

Answer 1

nuclear envelope
nuclear pores
nucleolus
chromatin
chromosomes
nucleoplasm

Question 2

Function of the nucleus

Answer 2

Acts as a control centre
Contains genetic material in the form of DNA and RNA

Question 3

What does the mitochondria consist of?

Answer 3

double membrane (inner and outer) inner layer folds to form cristae which forms a large surface area for the attachment of enzymes in respiration.
Made from matrix which contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA

Question 4

Functions of mitochondria

Answer 4

Site of aerobic respiration
Production of ATP

Question 5

What does a chloroplast consist of?

Answer 5

Grana - stacks of thylakoids
chlorophyll is contained in thylakoids (1st stage of photosynthesis)
Stroma is the fluid filled mixture (2nd stage)

Question 6

Function of the chloroplast

Answer 6

Site of photosynthesis

Question 7

What does the plant cell wall consist of?

Answer 7

Mostly made from insoluble cellulose
The middle lamella is the first layer of the cell - mostly made of pectin

Question 8

Function of the cell wall?

Answer 8

provide structural strength to the cell

Question 9

What does the golgi apparatus consist of?

Answer 9

Made of flattened stacks called cisternae

Question 10

Functions of the golgi apparatus

Answer 10

Proteins and lipids made in the ER are passed to the golgi apparatus
Golgi modifies (adds carbohydrates) the proteins and lipids and then transfers to other parts of the cell in golgi vesicles.
Golgi also forms lysosomes

Question 11

Where are 80S ribosomes found and what is there function?

Answer 11

eukaryotic cells
site of protein synthesis

Question 12

Structure and function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 12

Has ribosomes
Provides a large surface area for protein synthesis

Question 13

Structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 13

No ribosomes
Synthesises, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates

Question 14

Function of the nucleolus

Answer 14

A dense area of pure DNA and protein
Involved in ribosome production

Question 15

What is the tonoplast and what does it do?

Answer 15

Is the membrane of the vacuole
Controls which chemicals enter and leave the vacuole

Question 16

What does the cell sap in the vacuole contain?

Answer 16

dissolved sugars
mineral salts
amino acids

Question 17

In plant cells how is a vacuole adapted to its function?

Answer 17

Low water potential meaning water moves into plant cell by osmosis

Question 18

What makes up centrioles?

Answer 18

a bundle of 9 tubules

Question 19

What is the role of centrioles in cell division?

Answer 19

when a cell divide, centrioles pull apart to produce a spindle of microtubules involved in the movement of chromosmes.

Question 20

What does a lysosome consist of?

Answer 20

membrane, lumen and proteins

Question 21

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 21

The cytoskeleton is a 3D dynamic structure made up of microfilaments and microtubules that fill the cytoplasm and give it structure, keeping the organelles in place and enabling cell movements and transport within the cell.

Question 22

What subunits are 80s and 70s ribosomes made from?

Answer 22

80s - 40s and 60s

70s - 30s and 50s

Question 23

What is the membrane of the ER called?

Answer 23

Cisternae

Question 24

Function of lysosomes?

Answer 24

Digest pathogens or digest old organelles.

Question 25

What is the plasmodesmata?

Answer 25

Cytoplasmic bridges between cells.

Question 26

What is the name for the interconnected cytoplasm of the cells?

Answer 26

symplast

Question 27

What are the subunits for microfilaments and microtubules?

Answer 27

Microfilaments = Actin and myosin
Microtubules = Tubulin

Question 28

Why are thylakoids stacked into grana?

Answer 28

Light can be absorbed more efficiently for photosynthesis.

Question 29

What is meant by the term tissue?

Answer 29

A group of cells working together to carry out a specific function.