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IB Chemistry > Topic 20 > Flashcards

Topic 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are nucleophiles?

A

Electron pair donors that are attracted to regions of positive charge

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2
Q

What are electrophiles?

A

Electron pair acceptors that are attracted to regions of negative charge

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3
Q

Why is OH- a better nucleophile than H20

A

Because OH- has a negative charge while water only has a dipole so is more strongly attracted to the carbon atom

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4
Q

Describe nucleophilic substitution

A

Replacement of an atom via a nucleophile

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5
Q

What kind of halogenoalkanes undergo SN1?

A

Tertiary and secondary

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6
Q

What kind of halogenoalkanes undergo SN2?

A

Primary

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7
Q

What is the rate expression for SN1?

A

Rate = K [ halogenoalkane]

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8
Q

What is the equation for the formation of NO2 nucleophile?

A

HNO3+ 2H2SO4 — NO2+ + 2HSO4- + H30+

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9
Q

What kind of reaction is the nitration of benzene?

A

Electrophillic substitution

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10
Q

What is the overall equation for nitration of benzene?

A

C6H6+ HNO3— C6HNO2 + H20

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11
Q

What is the rate expression for SN2?

A

Rate = K [Halogenoalkane][nucleophile]

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12
Q

What type of solvent is favoured by SN1?

A

Polar protic solvents which have hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

What type of solvent is favoured by SN2?

A

Polar aprotic solvents which are unable to form hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

What shape is the SN1 carbocation?

A

Trigonal plannar

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15
Q

What type of mixture does SN1 produce?

A

Racemic mixture which has no effect on the plane of polarised light

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16
Q

Why do alkenes undergo electrophilic addition?

A
  • carbon to carbon double bond
  • high electron density
  • attracted to electrophiles
17
Q

What is isomerism?

A

When they have the same molecular formula but different arrangements in space

18
Q

What are the two types of isomerism ?

A

Configurational ( alkenes) and conformation ( alkanes)

19
Q

What is needed for cis- trans configurational isomerism?

A
  • 2 different groups on each carbon atom
  • restricted rotation around the carbon to carbon double bond
  • alkenes or cyclo alkanes
20
Q

What is needed for E/Z isomerism?

A
  • up to 4 constituent elements bonded to the two carbon atoms
21
Q

How do you know if it is a Z isomer?

A

The highest priority groups are on the same side

22
Q

How do you know if it is a E isomer?

A

The highest priority groups would be on different sides

23
Q

What is nitrobenzene reacted with to reduce it?

A

Tn and Hcl

24
Q

What is produced during stage 1 of the reduction of benzene?

A

Phenyl ammonium ion

25
Q

What is produced during stage 2 of the reduction of nitrobenzene?

A

Phenylammonia and water

26
Q

What is the equation for when nitrobenzene reacts with tin?

A

C6H5NO2 + 3Sn + 7H+ —- C6H5NH3+ + 3Sn 2+ + 2H20

27
Q

Draw the reaction for propene with hydrogen bromide and state the major product

A
  • 2 bromopropane is the major product as it is formed from a secondary carbo-cation
28
Q

What undergos conformation isomerism?

A
  • Alkanes as there is rotation around the carbon carbon single bond
  • can be eclipsed and staggered

IB Chemistry (17 decks)

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