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IB Chemistry > Topic 10 > Flashcards

Topic 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of bond fission?

A

Heterolytic and homolytic

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2
Q

What is homolytic bond fission?

A
  • A covalent bond between two atoms breaks and each atom takes an electron
  • formation of free radicals
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3
Q

What is heterolytic bond fission?

A

When a covalent bond is broken between two atoms in a molecule with one taking both electrons

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4
Q

What is produced in complete combustion reactions?

A

CO2+H20

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5
Q

Why do alkanes make good fuels?

A

Release large amounts of heat

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6
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion?

A

C or CO

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7
Q

Why are alkenes reactive?

A

They have a carbon carbon double bond

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8
Q

What reaction do alkenes undergo?

A

Electrophillic addition

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9
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Alkene+ H2= Alkane
Reagant= Ni
Conditions = high temperature and pressure

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10
Q

Halogenation ( with halogen)

A

Alkene+ Haolgen= Dihaloalkane

C2H4+Br2=CH2BrCH2Br

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11
Q

Halogenation ( with hydrogen halides)

A

Alkene+ Hydrogen halide = halogenoalkanes
Reagant= The hydrogen halide
C2H4+HBr= CH3CH2Br OR CH2BrCH3

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12
Q

Hydration

A

Alkene+ H20 = Alcohol
Reagant = H2SO4
Conditions = H20 as steam

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13
Q

What do unsymmetrical alkenes have?

A

More than one end product

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14
Q

Oxidation of primary alcohols

A

-Partial oxidation = aldehyde ( CHO)
Condition = heat under distillation
Reagant= Acidified potassium dichromate
Colour change = Orange - Green

-Further oxidation = carboxylic acid( COOH)
Condition= Heat under reflux
Reagant= Acidified potassium dichromate
Colour change = Orange - Green

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15
Q

Oxidation of secondary alcohols

A

Complete oxidation = ketones ( C-CO-C)
Reagant= Acidified potassium dichromate
Colour change = Orange - Green
Condition = Heat under reflux

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16
Q

Oxidation of tertiary alcohols

A

-NONE

17
Q

What reaction does halogenoalkanes undergo?

A
  • Nucleophilic substitution

- SN1 and SN2

18
Q

What are nucleophiles?

A

Have lone pairs of electrons to donate and are attracted to regions of positive charge

19
Q

What reaction do alkanes undergo?

A

Free radical substitution and as they have low reactivity

20
Q

Why are alkanes unreactive?

A
  • carbon to carbon single bond
  • the C and H bonds are non polar
  • The C-C and C-H bonds are relatively strong
21
Q

Free radical substitution for methane and Cl

A 
-Alkanes + haolgen = Dihaloalkane or halogenoalkane
Initiation
Cl2 -- Cl. + Cl.
Propagation
CH4+Cl. = CH3. + HCl
CH3.+ Cl2 = CH3Cl+ Cl.
Termination
Cl.+Cl.= Cl2
CH3.+CH3. = C2H6
CH3.+ Cl. = CH3Cl
22
Q

What is the test for unsaturation?

A
  • When bromine water is added to an alkene and the water is decolourised because there is a double bond
  • When added to an alkane there is no colour change
  • Unsaturated = double bond or triple bond
  • Saturated = single bond
23
Q

What is PVC?

A

A polymer made from chloroethene

24
Q

How are additional polymers formed?

A

When smaller unsaturated molecules react together

25
Q

Draw the additional polymer of chloroethane

A
26
Q

Combustion of alcohols

A
  • Incomplete combustion = CO+ H20 OR C+H20
  • Complete combustion = CO2 + H20
  • As the number of carbons increase so does the enthalpy change ( becomes more negative)
27
Q

What two functional groups react together to get an Ester and water?

A

Carboxylic acid + Alcohol

28
Q

Esters

A
  • Reagant = Concentrated sulfuric acid ( H2SO4)

- Nucleophillic substitution reaction

29
Q

Reaction of ethanoic acid and ethanol

A
30
Q

Draw the structure of benzene

A
31
Q

What reaction does Benzene undergo?

A

Electrophillic substitution

32
Q

What is structural isomerism?

A

Having the same molecular formula but different arrangement of the atoms

33
Q

What three things increase the BP of organic compounds?

A
  • molar mass, functional group and structure
34
Q

Why do branched isomers have a lower BP then straight chained isomers?

A

The branches prevent the molecules from getting close together which decreases the strength of the london forces

35
Q

What is the physical evidence for benzene structure?

A

The length and strength of the carbon to carbon bonds are intermediate between the single and double bond

36
Q

What is the chemical evidence for structure of benzene?

A

Undegos substiturion reactions and not addition reactions

IB Chemistry (17 decks)

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