Topic 13

Question 1

What is a amintochondiate?

Answer 1

a eukaryote that lacks a mitochondria

Question 2

What eukaryotic groups are apart of the opisthokont clade?

Answer 2

animals, fungi, and microsporidae

Question 3

What are chanoflagellates and what is their significance?

Answer 3

eukaryotes from the opisthokont clade that are known as the “missing link between animals and eukarya” because they have many genes that are present but do not have a function

Question 4

What is hyphae?

Answer 4

present in most fungi; filaments that extend into the substrate that the fungi is growing in

Question 5

What is the mycelia?

Answer 5

generated from hyphae, the mycelia are the largest vegetative part of a fungi that can produce spores in an aerial dispersal fashion

Question 6

Describe the cell wall and membrane of fungi.

Answer 6

cell walls are form by chitin and membrane is form by phosopholipids and ergosterol

Question 7

What are unicellular fungi?

Answer 7

yeast

Question 8

How does the saccharomyces cerevisae yeast reproduce?

Answer 8

it can reproduce both asexually and sexually to improve vigour

Question 9

What are mycorrhizae?

Answer 9

fungi that form mutual, essential symbiotic relationships with plant roots; they connect roots of plants

Question 10

What are amoebas?

Answer 10

protists, free-living organisms (some are pathogens), no shape, can engulf bacteria that can survive intercellular

Question 11

What are slime molds?

Answer 11

A type of amoeba; can be cellular or plasmodial.

Question 12

What is the difference between cellular and plasmodial slime molds?

Answer 12

cellular
- cells are single but move in a swarm
- when stressed they work together to form a fruiting body
plasmodial
- cells are single but move in a swarm
- when stressed cells fuse together to form a giant cell

Question 13

What are algae?

Answer 13

Protists with chloroplast, are primary producers, can produce toxins, and have diverse life styles

Question 14

What is the difference between primary and secondary algae?

Answer 14

primary algae
- cells were formed through regular endosymbiosis
secondary algae; photoautotrophs
- a primary endosymbiont cell is engulfed by another eukaryotic cell; chloroplast is surronded by two membranes and they can be photoautotrophic or heterotrophic

Question 15

What are alveolates?

Answer 15

Protists; contains dinoflagellates and apicomplexans

Question 16

What are dinoflagellates?

Answer 16

alveolates, part of phytoplankton, produce toxins that kill fish, phototrophs, endosymbionts of coral and they possess 2 flagella

Question 17

What are apicomplexans?

Answer 17

alveolates that have undergone genetic reduction, posses an apical complex to attach to cell and an apicoplast for lipid metabolism, and many are parasites such as oocyst forming crypt and toxo and some parasites can cross the blood brain barrier such as malaria

Question 18

Why is controlling many plasmodium falciparum/ apicocomplexans diseases difficult?

Answer 18

Plasmodium falciparum is an apicomplexan and a malaria parasite. it is difficult to control because it lives in two hosts, so its hard to kill; it has a unique, hard to target life style, and they are eukaryotes so the control agent could end up hurting regular human eukayrotes

Question 19

What are protozoa?

Answer 19

protists that are free-living, are often found in guts of animals, and many species cause serious diseases

Question 20

What are trypanosomes?

Answer 20

obligate parasitic protozoa, transmitted by insects, and has a kinetoplast

Question 21

What disease do trypanosomes cause?

Answer 21

Leishmania
- causes leishmaniasis
Trypanosomes
- causes various lethal diseases

Question 22

What traits are most commonly shared between fungi?

Answer 22

hyphae, mycelia, chitin cell well, ergosterol membrane, and use of absorptive nutrition

Question 23

What traits are most commonly shared between algae?

Answer 23

protists, often live symbiotically, photoautotophs, use oxygenic photosynthesis, are primary producers and have chloroplast

Question 24

What are diatoms?

Answer 24

unicellular secondary algae with silica shells; are pH sensitive so dead ones determine lake environment/pH

Question 25

What genes do choanoflagellates have but not actually show?

Answer 25

antibody genes - they have no immune system
Collagen genes - have no cytoskeleton
Tyrokinase genes - do not communicate to other cells

Question 26

Describe the difference between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella?

Answer 26

Prokaryotic: has basal body, hook, and rigid filament that is hollow and composed of flagellin protein
Eukaryotic: Has a basal body and a flexible filament that is packed with tubules

Question 27

What are saprophytes?

Answer 27

fungi that recycle biomass

Question 28

What are some features of fungi?

Answer 28

structurally diverse, are natural recyclers, can be pathogenic, some can have hyphae, and complete absorptive nutrition

Question 29

What are some features of hyphae?

Answer 29

filaments that use osmotic pressure to push their way into substrate, contains one long nucleus,

Question 30

What is Candida albicans?

Answer 30

an opportunistic pathogen that can grow as mycelia

Question 31

What is penumocystis jirovecii?

Answer 31

a pnuemonia causing fungi

Question 32

What is ophiocordyceps unilateralis?

Answer 32

a fungi that can mind-control insects

Question 33

What is the rhodophyta clade?

Answer 33

algae that grow in thin large sheets