Topic 13 Flashcards
What is a amintochondiate?
a eukaryote that lacks a mitochondria
What eukaryotic groups are apart of the opisthokont clade?
animals, fungi, and microsporidae
What are chanoflagellates and what is their significance?
eukaryotes from the opisthokont clade that are known as the “missing link between animals and eukarya” because they have many genes that are present but do not have a function
What is hyphae?
present in most fungi; filaments that extend into the substrate that the fungi is growing in
What is the mycelia?
generated from hyphae, the mycelia are the largest vegetative part of a fungi that can produce spores in an aerial dispersal fashion
Describe the cell wall and membrane of fungi.
cell walls are form by chitin and membrane is form by phosopholipids and ergosterol
What are unicellular fungi?
yeast
How does the saccharomyces cerevisae yeast reproduce?
it can reproduce both asexually and sexually to improve vigour
What are mycorrhizae?
fungi that form mutual, essential symbiotic relationships with plant roots; they connect roots of plants
What are amoebas?
protists, free-living organisms (some are pathogens), no shape, can engulf bacteria that can survive intercellular
What are slime molds?
A type of amoeba; can be cellular or plasmodial.
What is the difference between cellular and plasmodial slime molds?
cellular
- cells are single but move in a swarm
- when stressed they work together to form a fruiting body
plasmodial
- cells are single but move in a swarm
- when stressed cells fuse together to form a giant cell
What are algae?
Protists with chloroplast, are primary producers, can produce toxins, and have diverse life styles
What is the difference between primary and secondary algae?
primary algae
- cells were formed through regular endosymbiosis
secondary algae; photoautotrophs
- a primary endosymbiont cell is engulfed by another eukaryotic cell; chloroplast is surronded by two membranes and they can be photoautotrophic or heterotrophic
What are alveolates?
Protists; contains dinoflagellates and apicomplexans
What are dinoflagellates?
alveolates, part of phytoplankton, produce toxins that kill fish, phototrophs, endosymbionts of coral and they possess 2 flagella
What are apicomplexans?
alveolates that have undergone genetic reduction, posses an apical complex to attach to cell and an apicoplast for lipid metabolism, and many are parasites such as oocyst forming crypt and toxo and some parasites can cross the blood brain barrier such as malaria
Why is controlling many plasmodium falciparum/ apicocomplexans diseases difficult?
Plasmodium falciparum is an apicomplexan and a malaria parasite. it is difficult to control because it lives in two hosts, so its hard to kill; it has a unique, hard to target life style, and they are eukaryotes so the control agent could end up hurting regular human eukayrotes
What are protozoa?
protists that are free-living, are often found in guts of animals, and many species cause serious diseases
What are trypanosomes?
obligate parasitic protozoa, transmitted by insects, and has a kinetoplast
What disease do trypanosomes cause?
Leishmania
- causes leishmaniasis
Trypanosomes
- causes various lethal diseases
What traits are most commonly shared between fungi?
hyphae, mycelia, chitin cell well, ergosterol membrane, and use of absorptive nutrition
What traits are most commonly shared between algae?
protists, often live symbiotically, photoautotophs, use oxygenic photosynthesis, are primary producers and have chloroplast
What are diatoms?
unicellular secondary algae with silica shells; are pH sensitive so dead ones determine lake environment/pH
What genes do choanoflagellates have but not actually show?
antibody genes - they have no immune system
Collagen genes - have no cytoskeleton
Tyrokinase genes - do not communicate to other cells
Describe the difference between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella?
Prokaryotic: has basal body, hook, and rigid filament that is hollow and composed of flagellin protein
Eukaryotic: Has a basal body and a flexible filament that is packed with tubules
What are saprophytes?
fungi that recycle biomass
What are some features of fungi?
structurally diverse, are natural recyclers, can be pathogenic, some can have hyphae, and complete absorptive nutrition
What are some features of hyphae?
filaments that use osmotic pressure to push their way into substrate, contains one long nucleus,
What is Candida albicans?
an opportunistic pathogen that can grow as mycelia
What is penumocystis jirovecii?
a pnuemonia causing fungi
What is ophiocordyceps unilateralis?
a fungi that can mind-control insects
What is the rhodophyta clade?
algae that grow in thin large sheets
