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HL Biology > Topic 1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells > Flashcards

Topic 1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Define prokaryotes

A

are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus

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2
Q

What are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus called?

A

prokaryotes

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3
Q

Define archaebacteria

A

bacteria found in extreme environments like high temperatures, salt concentrations or pH

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4
Q

Define eubacteria

A

traditional bacteria including most known pathogenic forms

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5
Q

What are found in extreme environments like high temperatures, salt concentrations or pH called?

A

archaebacteria

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6
Q

What are traditional bacteria including most known pathogenic forms called?

A

eubacteria

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7
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

internal fluid component of the cell

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8
Q

Define nucleoid

A

region of the cytoplasm where the DNA is located (DNA strand is circular and called a genophore)

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9
Q

Define plasmids

A

autonomous circular DNA molecules that may be transferred between bacteria (horizontal gene transfer)

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10
Q

Define ribosomes

A

complexes of RNA and protein that are responsible for polypeptide synthesis (prokaryote ribosome = 70S)

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11
Q

Define cell membrane

A

Semi-permeable and selective barrier surrounding the cell

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12
Q

Define cell wall

A

rigid outer covering made of peptidoglycan; maintains shape and prevents bursting (lysis)

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13
Q

Define slime capsule

A

a thick polysaccharide layer used for protection against dessication (drying out) and phagocytosis

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14
Q

Define flagella

A

Long, slender projections containing a motor protein that enables movement (singular: flagellum)

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15
Q

Define pili

A

Hair-like extensions that enable adherence to surfaces (attachment pili) or mediate bacterial conjugation (sex pili)

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16
Q

What is the internal fluid component of the cell called?

A

cytoplasm

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17
Q

What is the region of the cytoplasm where the DNA is located (DNA strand is circular and called a genophore) called?

A

nucleoid

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18
Q

What is the autonomous circular DNA molecules that may be transferred between bacteria (horizontal gene transfer) called?

A

plasmids

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19
Q

What are complexes of RNA and protein that are responsible for polypeptide synthesis (prokaryote ribosome = 70S) called?

A

ribosomes

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20
Q

What is the Semi-permeable and selective barrier surrounding the cell called?

A

cell membrane

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21
Q

What is the rigid outer covering made of peptidoglycan; maintains shape and prevents bursting (lysis) called?

A

cell wall

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22
Q

What is a thick polysaccharide layer used for protection against dessication (drying out) and phagocytosis called?

A

slime capsule

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23
Q

What are Long, slender projections containing a motor protein that enables movement (singular: flagellum) called?

A

flagella

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24
Q

What are Hair-like extensions that enable adherence to surfaces (attachment pili) or mediate bacterial conjugation (sex pili) called?

A

pili

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25
Q

Define binary fission

A

a form of asexual reproduction used by prokaryotic cells

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26
Q

What is a form of asexual reproduction used by prokaryotic cells?

A

binary fission

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27
Q

What are the 3 steps to binary fission?

A

The circular DNA is copied in response to a replication signal

The two DNA loops attach to the membrane

The membrane elongates and pinches off (cytokinesis), forming two cells

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28
Q

What is the first step to binary fission?

A

The circular DNA is copied in response to a replication signal

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29
Q

After The circular DNA is copied in response to a replication signal What is the next step to binary fission?

A

The two DNA loops attach to the membrane

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30
Q

After The two DNA loops attach to the membrane What is the next step to binary fission?

A

The membrane elongates and pinches off (cytokinesis), forming two cells

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31
Q

Define eukaryotes

A

organisms whose cells contain a nucleus

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32
Q

What are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus?

A

eukaryotes

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33
Q

What are the two types of bacteria?

A

archaebacteria and eubacteria

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34
Q

What are the four kingdoms of eukaryotes?

A

protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

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35
Q

What makes a eukaryote a protista?

A

unicellular organisms; or multicellular organisms without specialised tissue

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36
Q

What makes a eukaryote a fungi?

A

have a cell wall made of chitin and obtain nutrition via heterotrophic absorption

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37
Q

What makes a eukaryote a plantae?

A

have a cell wall made of cellulose and obtain nutrition autotrophically (via photosynthesis)

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38
Q

What makes a eukaryote a animalia?

A

no cell wall and obtain nutrition via heterotrophic ingestion

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39
Q

What kingdom of eukaryotes are unicellular organisms; or multicellular organisms without specialised tissue?

A

protista

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40
Q

What kingdom of eukaryotes have a cell wall made of chitin and obtain nutrition via heterotrophic absorption?

A

fungi

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41
Q

What kingdom of eukaryotes have a cell wall made of cellulose and obtain nutrition autotrophically (via photosynthesis)?

A

plantae

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42
Q

What kingdom of eukaryotes have no cell wall and obtain nutrition via heterotrophic ingestion?

A

animalia

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43
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

Two subunits made of RNA and protein; larger in eukaryotes (80S) than prokaryotes (70S)

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44
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of polypeptide synthesis (this process is called translation)

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45
Q

What is the structure of cytoskeleton?

A

A filamentous scaffolding within the cytoplasm (fluid portion of the cytoplasm is the cytosol)

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46
Q

What is the function of cytoskeleton?

A

Provides internal structure and mediates intracellular transport (less developed in prokaryotes)

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47
Q

What is the structure of plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins (not an organelle per se, but a vital structure)

48
Q

What is the function of plasma membrane?

A

Sem-permeable and selective barrier surrounding the cell

49
Q

What is the structure of nucleus?

A

Double membrane structure with pores; contains an inner region called a nucleolus

50
Q

What is the function of nucleus?

A

Stores genetic material (DNA) as chromatin; nucleolus is site of ribosome assembly

51
Q

What is the structure of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A membrane network that may be bare (smooth ER) or studded with ribosomes (rough ER)

52
Q

What is the function of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Transports materials between organelles (smooth ER = lipids ; rough ER = proteins)

53
Q

What is the structure of golgi apparatus?

A

An assembly of vesicles and folded membranes located near the cell membrane

54
Q

What is the function of golgi apparatus?

A

Involved in the sorting, storing, modification and export of secretory products

55
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A

Double membrane structure, inner membrane highly folded into internal cristae

56
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration (ATP production)

57
Q

What is the structure of peroxisome?

A

Membranous sac containing a variety of catabolic enzymes

58
Q

What is the function of peroxisome?

A

Catalyses breakdown of toxic substances (e.g. H2O2) and other metabolites

59
Q

What is the structure of centrosome?

A

Microtubule organising centre (contains paired centrioles in animal cells but not plant cells)

60
Q

What is the function of centrosome?

A

Radiating microtubules form spindle fibres and contribute to cell division (mitosis / meiosis)

61
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

A

Double membrane structure with internal stacks of membranous discs (thylakoids)

62
Q

What is the function of chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis – manufactured organic molecules are stored in various plastids

63
Q

What is the structure of vacuole?

A

Fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by a membrane (tonoplast)

64
Q

What is the function of vacuole?

A

Maintains hydrostatic pressure (animal cells may have small, temporary vacuoles)

65
Q

What is the structure of cell wall?

A

External outer covering made of cellulose (not an organelle per se, but a vital structure)

66
Q

What is the function of cell wall?

A

Provides support and mechanical strength; prevents excess water uptake

67
Q

What is the structure of lysosome?

A

Membranous sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes

68
Q

What is the function of lysosome?

A

Breakdown / hydrolysis of macromolecules (presence in plant cells is subject to debate)

69
Q

What structure is Two subunits made of RNA and protein; larger in eukaryotes (80S) than prokaryotes (70S)?

A

ribosomes

70
Q

What structure has the function of Site of polypeptide synthesis (this process is called translation)?

A

ribosomes

71
Q

What structure is A filamentous scaffolding within the cytoplasm (fluid portion of the cytoplasm is the cytosol)?

A

cytoskeleton

72
Q

What structure has the function of Provides internal structure and mediates intracellular transport (less developed in prokaryotes)?

A

cytoskeleton

73
Q

What structure is Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins (not an organelle per se, but a vital structure)?

A

plasma membrane

74
Q

What structure has the function of Sem-permeable and selective barrier surrounding the cell?

A

plasma membrane

75
Q

What structure is Double membrane structure with pores; contains an inner region called a nucleolus?

A

nucleus

76
Q

What structure has the function of Stores genetic material (DNA) as chromatin; nucleolus is site of ribosome assembly?

A

nucleus

77
Q

What structure is A membrane network that may be bare (smooth ER) or studded with ribosomes (rough ER)?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

78
Q

What structure has the function of Transports materials between organelles (smooth ER = lipids ; rough ER = proteins)?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

79
Q

What structure is An assembly of vesicles and folded membranes located near the cell membrane?

A

golgi apparatus

80
Q

What structure has the function of Involved in the sorting, storing, modification and export of secretory products?

A

golgi apparatus

81
Q

What structure is Double membrane structure, inner membrane highly folded into internal cristae?

A

mitochondria

82
Q

What structure has the function of Site of aerobic respiration (ATP production)?

A

mitochondria

83
Q

What structure is Membranous sac containing a variety of catabolic enzymes?

A

peroxisome

84
Q

What structure has the function of Catalyses breakdown of toxic substances (e.g. H2O2) and other metabolites
?

A

peroxisome

85
Q

What structure is Microtubule organising centre (contains paired centrioles in animal cells but not plant cells)?

A

centrosome

86
Q

What structure has the function of Radiating microtubules form spindle fibres and contribute to cell division (mitosis / meiosis)?

A

centrosome

87
Q

What structure is Double membrane structure with internal stacks of membranous discs (thylakoids)?

A

chloroplast

88
Q

What structure has the function of Site of photosynthesis – manufactured organic molecules are stored in various plastids?

A

chloroplast

89
Q

What structure is Fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by a membrane (tonoplast)?

A

vacuole

90
Q

What structure has the function of Maintains hydrostatic pressure (animal cells may have small, temporary vacuoles)
?

A

vacuole

91
Q

What structure is External outer covering made of cellulose (not an organelle per se, but a vital structure)?

A

cell wall

92
Q

What structure has the function of Provides support and mechanical strength; prevents excess water uptake?

A

cell wall

93
Q

What structure is Membranous sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes?

A

lysosome

94
Q

What structure has the function of Breakdown / hydrolysis of macromolecules (presence in plant cells is subject to debate)
?

A

lysosome

95
Q

How do electron microscopes work?

A

Electron microscopes use electron beams focused by electromagnets to magnify and resolve microscopic specimens

96
Q

What type of microscopes use electron beams focused by electromagnets to magnify and resolve microscopic specimens?

A

electron microscopes

97
Q

What does a Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) do?

A

generate high resolution cross-sections of objects

98
Q

What type of electron microscope generate high resolution cross-sections of objects?

A

Transmission electron microscopes (TEM)

99
Q

What does a Scanning electron microscopes (SEM) do?

A

display enhanced depth to map the surface of objects in 3D

100
Q

What type of electron microscope display enhanced depth to map the surface of objects in 3D?

A

Scanning electron microscopes (SEM)

101
Q

What are the two advantages electron microscopes have over light microscopes?

A

They have a much higher range of magnification (can detect smaller structures)
They have a much higher resolution (can provide clearer and more detailed images)

102
Q

What is one disadvantage of electron microscopes?

A

they cannot display living specimens in natural colours

103
Q

Define micrograph

A

a photo or digital image taken through a microscope to show a magnified image of a specimen

104
Q

What is a photo or digital image taken through a microscope to show a magnified image of a specimen?

A

micrograph

105
Q

What are the 3 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes when it comes to DNA?

A

Prokaryotes: DNA is naked, DNA is circular, usually no introns

Eukaryotes: DNA bound to protein, DNA is linear, usually has introns

106
Q

What are the 3 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes when it comes to organelles?

A

Prokaryotes: no nucleus, no membrane-bound, 70S ribosomes

Eukaryotes: has a nucleus, membrane-bound, 80S ribosomes

107
Q

What are the 2 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes when it comes to reproduction?

A

Prokaryotes: binary fission, single chromosome (haploid)

Eukaryotes: mitosis and meiosis, chromosomes paired (diploid or more)

108
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes when it comes to average size?

A

Prokaryotes: smaller (1-5 micrometers)

Eukaryotes: larger (10-100 micrometers)

109
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells when it comes to plastids?

A

Plant: have plastids (chloroplasts)

Animal: do not have plastids

110
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells when it comes to cell wall?

A

Plant: have a cell wall (made of cellulose)

Animal: do not have a cell wall

111
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells when it comes to vacuoles?

A

Plant: have a large, central vacuole

Animal: have small, temporary vacuoles (if any)

112
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells when it comes to plasmodesmata?

A

Plant: may have plasmodesmata

Animal: do not have plasmodesmata

113
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells when it comes to centrioles?

A

Plant: do not have centrioles

Animal: have paired centrioles within centrosomes

114
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells when it comes to cholesterol?

A

Plant: do not have cholesterol in cell membrane

Animal: have cholesterol in the cell membrane

115
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells when it comes to storing glucose?

A

Plant: store excess glucose a starch

Animal: store excess glucose as glycogen

116
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells when it comes to shape?

A

Plant: generally have a fixed, regular shape

Animal: generally have an amorphouse shape

HL Biology (66 decks)

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