Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HL Biology > 3.2 Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins > Flashcards

3.2 Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 groups of macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a polymer?

A

long molecule consisting of similar monomers linked by covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 things that occur in condensation reactions in carbohydrates?

A
  1. Joins monomers
  2. When the Hydroxyl group connects with a Hydrogen
  3. One water is removed
  4. Creates covalent bonds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 things that happen in hydrolysis in carbohydrates?

A

separates monomers and water is added

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

composed of amino acid monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the shape of proteins based off of?

A

function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do the structural proteins do?

A

support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do the storage proteins do?

A

storage of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do the transport proteins do?

A

transport of other substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do the hormonal proteins do?

A

control the bodies activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do the receptor proteins do?

A

respond to chemical stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do the contractile proteins do?

A

movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do the defensive proteins do?

A

fight bacteria and viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are amino acids joined?

A

Amino acids are joined through peptide bonds to make a polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

amino acid sequence and peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 things about secondary structure of proteins?

A
  1. Polypeptide bends and forms hydrogen bonds
  2. a and B sheets
  3. R groups are not involved
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 things about tertiary structure?

A
  1. Overall shape
  2. R groups are involved in bonding
  3. Disulfide bonds and ionic bonds between R groups reinforce the structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What helps build proteins?

A

chaperonins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is step 1 of a chaperonin?

A

an unfolded polypeptide enters the cylinder from one end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is step 2 of a chaperonin?

A

the cap attaches to the end, causing the cylinder to change shape in such a way that it creates a hydrophilic environment for the folding of the polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is step 3 of a chaperonin?

A

the cap comes off, and the properly folded protein is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens to proteins in high temperatures?

A

denaturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the main function of carbohydrates?

A

main source of energy

24
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

single sugar

25
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

two sugars joined by a glycosidic linkage (dehydration synthesis)

26
Q

What are the two monomers of maltose?

A

glucose and glucose

27
Q

What are the two monomers of sucrose?

A

glucose and fructose

28
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

thousands of monomers

29
Q

What are the two polysaccharides in plants?

A

starch and cellulose

30
Q

What are the two polysaccharides in animals?

A

glycogen and chitin

31
Q

What is the difference between a and b glucose ring structures?

A

a group has H on top of OH while b group has OH on top of H

32
Q

What does an a group glucose ring structure make?

A

starch

33
Q

What does a b group glucose ring structure make?

A

celluose

34
Q

What are solid triglycerides?

A

fats

35
Q

What are liquid triglycerides?

A

oils

36
Q

What are the 3 roles of lipids?

A

energy storage, thermal insulation, phospholipid bilayer in cell membranes

37
Q

What is the function of fats?

A

store large amounts of energy

38
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

used in the cell membrane

39
Q

What is the function of steroids?

A

cholesterol and hormones

40
Q

What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

A

Organic compounds are compounds containing carbon that are found in living things - except hydrogen carbonates (HCO3-), carbonates (CO32-) and oxides of carbon (CO, CO2)
Inorganic compounds are all other compounds (there are less different inorganic compounds than organic compounds)

41
Q

What is a function of glucose in animals?

A

A source of energy which can be broken down to form ATP via cellular respiration

42
Q

What is a function of lactose in animals?

A

A sugar found in the milk of mammals, providing energy for suckling infants

43
Q

What is a function of glycogen in animals?

A

Used by animals for short term energy storage (between meals) in the liver

44
Q

What is a function of fructose in plants?

A

Found in honey and onions, it is very sweet and a good source of energy

45
Q

What is a function of sucrose in plants?

A

Used primarily as a transportable energy form (e.g. sugar beets and sugar cane)

46
Q

What is a function of cellulose in plants?

A

Used by plant cells as a strengthening component of the cell wall

47
Q

What is the bond between carbohydrates called?

A

glycosidic linkage

48
Q

What happens in condensation reactions between fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides?

A

A condensation reaction occurs between the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol and the carboxyl groups of three fatty acids
This reaction forms a triglyceride (and three molecules of water)

49
Q

What happens in hydrolysis between fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides?

A

When one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group and phospholipid is formed
Hydrolysis reactions will, in the presence of water, break these molecules down into their constituent subunits

50
Q

What is the bond between the glycerol and the fatty acids?

A

ester linkage

51
Q

What are the 3 similarities between carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage?

A 
Complex carbohydrates (e.g. polysaccharides) and lipids both contain a lot of chemical energy and can be used for energy storage
Complex carbohydrates and lipids are both insoluble in water - they are not easily transported
Carbohydrates and lipids both burn cleaner than proteins (they do not yield nitrogenous wastes)
52
Q

What are the 6 differences between carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage?

A

Lipid molecules contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates (about twice as much)
Carbohydrates are more readily digested than lipids and release their energy more rapidly
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are water soluble and easier to transport to and from storage sites than lipids
Animals tend to use carbohydrates primarily for short-term energy storage, while lipids are used more for long-term energy storage
Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in animals while lipids are stored as fats (in plants carbohydrates are stored as cellulose and lipids as oils)
Lipids have less effect on osmotic pressure within a cell than complex carbohydrates

53
Q

What happens in condensation reactions between amino acids and polypeptides?

A

A condensation reaction occurs between the amino group (NH2) of one amino acid and the carboxylic acid group (COOH) of another amino acid
This reaction forms a dipeptide (plus a molecule of water) that is held together by a peptide bond
Multiple amino acids can be joined together to form a polypeptide chain

54
Q

What happens in hydrolysis between amino acids and polypeptides?

A

In the presence of water, polypeptides can be broken down into individual amino acids via hydrolysis reactions

55
Q

What causes sickle cell anemia?

A

Glutamic acid is replaced by valine.

HL Biology (66 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions