TOPIC 11 - Radiation Friend or Foe? (Nuclear Chemistry)

Question 1

what nuclei were created in the moments following the big bang

Answer 1

hydrogen and helium

Question 2

the nucleus of one element can fuse with one of another element when exposed to _________ and ___________ creating __________

Answer 2

high heat and pressure creating the nucleus of a heavier element

Question 3

when nuclear fusion happens what is emitted

Answer 3

huge amounts of energy are released in the form of heat, light and cosmic radiation/rays.

Question 4

the higher the temperature and pressure the _________ the ________.

Answer 4

heavier the element.

Question 5

the energy produced by supernovae produces nuclei heavier than

Answer 5

iron

Question 6

some isotopes are naturally unstable and changes in the nucleus allow

Answer 6

the atom to become more stable

Question 7

unstable atoms are described as

Answer 7

radioisotopes

Question 8

radioisotopes are described as

Answer 8

unstable atoms

Question 9

types of radiation

Answer 9

alpha, beta, gamma

Question 10

mass of alpha particles are

Answer 10

a helium nucleus (2protons, 2neutrons) 4amu

Question 11

alpha particles are stopped by

Answer 11

a few cm of air or a sheet of paper

Question 12

mass of beta particles are

Answer 12

a fast moving electron (e-1) 0amu

Question 13

beta particles are stopped by

Answer 13

a few cm/sheet of aluminium

Question 14

gamma particles are stopped by

Answer 14

several cm of lead or a few metres of concrete

Question 15

mass of gamma particles are

Answer 15

high energy EM wave 0 amu

Question 16

nuclide notation of alpha

Answer 16

⁴₂He

Question 17

nuclide notation of beta

Answer 17

⁰₋₁ e⁻

Question 18

when a radioisotope undergoes alpha decay it (numbers)

Answer 18

loses 4 from atomic and loses 2 from charge/atomic

Question 19

when a radioisotope undergoes beta decay it (numbers)

Answer 19

gains 1 to charge/atomic

Question 20

radiation is measured using a

Answer 20

GM tube

Question 21

the time for each half-life to undergo is

Answer 21

the same

Question 22

you cannot measure the age of fossil fuels using carbon dating as

Answer 22

they are too old and the carbon would have all decayed by now

Question 23

the half-life of the only radioactive naturally occurring isotope of carbon (C14) is

Answer 23

5730 years

Question 24

carbon dating takes the concentration of

Answer 24

C14 in decaying living matter

Question 25

carbon dating is used to

Answer 25

work out how old something is by working out he quantity of C14 that has decayed

Question 26

uses of radiation

Answer 26

alpha - smoke detectors
beta - thickness of paper
gamma - tracking movement of water / detecting cracks

Question 27

uses of radiation in medicine

Answer 27

technitum-99 is used as a tracer to detect infection or other problems
cobalt-60 kills cancer cells in tumours

Question 28

uses of radiation in industry

Answer 28

uranium-235 is used to generate power using fission chain reactions in nuclear power plants

Question 29

what affects half-life?

Answer 29

nothing

Question 30

does changing mass affect half-life?

Answer 30

no

Question 31

The activity of an atom depends on its

Answer 31

Proton: neutron ratio