topic 1: the body and its internal environment

Question 1

what is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 1

protein synthesis

Question 2

what is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 2

lipid synthesis

Question 3

what is the role of the golgi apparatus?

Answer 3

carb modification and sorting proteins into vesicles

Question 4

where are simple squamous epithelial cells found?

Answer 4

blood vessels and alveoli

Question 5

where are stratified squamous cells found?

Answer 5

oral cavity, anus, vagina, oesophagus, skin

Question 6

what is the role of stratified squamous cells?

Answer 6

protection, barrier

Question 7

where are keratinised stratified squamous cells found?

Answer 7

skin, hair, footpads of animals

Question 8

what is the role of the keratinised squamous cells?

Answer 8

protection and waterproof barrier

Question 9

where are simple cuboidal epithelium found?

Answer 9

salivary glands, pancreas and kidney tubules

Question 10

where are simple columnar epithelium found?

Answer 10

GI tract and gall bladder

Question 11

where are complex columnar epithelium found?

Answer 11

trachea and large respiratory airways

Question 12

what is the modification of complex columnar epithelium?

Answer 12

cilia and goblet cells

Question 13

name 4 specialised connective tissue?

Answer 13

Bone/cartlidge, ligaments, adipocytes, blood

Question 14

what is the normal blood glucose range?

Answer 14

4.5-5.6

Question 15

what is the normal blood volume?

Answer 15

60-80ml

Question 16

what is the volume of water in extracellular fluid?

Answer 16

25l

Question 17

what is the volume of water in the extracellular fluid (2)

Answer 17

interstitial- 12L and plasma- 3L

Question 18

what is an aqueous solution?

Answer 18

small molecules dissolved, ionic compounds dissociate

Question 19

what is a colloid solution?

Answer 19

proteins or large molecules dissolved as solution

Question 20

what is a suspension?

Answer 20

large molecules dissolved, particles settle if undisturbed

Question 21

what is the definition of osmotic pressure?

Answer 21

the amount of hydrostatic pressure needed to stop osmosis

Question 22

how is osmotic concentration expressed?

Answer 22

osmoles/kg

Question 23

what is the concentration of solutes in a hypotonic solution?

Answer 23

low

Question 24

what is sodium needed for?

Answer 24

nerve conduction and propagation of action potential

Question 25

what is sodium concentration controlled by?

Answer 25

ANP/aldosterone

Question 26

if a patient is hypernatraemia, what is wrong with them?

Answer 26

too much sodium

Question 27

what are the symptoms of hyponatraemia?

Answer 27

lethargy, confusion, reduced BP

Question 28

what is the role of potassium?

Answer 28

returning the cell to its resting state after excitation

Question 29

what is the normal serum range of potassium?

Answer 29

3.5-5

Question 30

what is calcium needed for?

Answer 30

muscle contraction, nerve excitability, healthy bones and teeth

Question 31

what is the concentration of calcium controlled by?

Answer 31

parathyroid hormone

Question 32

what is the name of the channel protein which allows water to difuse in and out of the cell?

Answer 32

aquaporins

Question 33

what is the role of the sodium potassium pump?

Answer 33

sodium out, potassium in

Question 34

what are the two structural clarifications of the nervous system?

Answer 34

central and peripheral

Question 35

what 2 parts of the body are included within the central NS?

Answer 35

brain and spinal cord

Question 36

what 2 parts of the body are included within the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 36

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Question 37

what are the two functional classifications of the nervous system?

Answer 37

somatic and autonomic

Question 38

how many cranial nerves are there?

Answer 38

12 pairs

Question 39

how many spinal nerves are there?

Answer 39

31 pairs

Question 40

what does the cerebellum control?

Answer 40

balance, posture, muscle tone, co-ordinates movement

Question 41

what vital centres does the brain stem have?

Answer 41

cardiovascular and respiratory

Question 42

what are the two different parts of the diencephalon?

Answer 42

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 43

what is the role of the thalamus?

Answer 43

important relay station for sensory information

Question 44

what is the role of the hypothalamus?

Answer 44

hormone secretion, thermoregulation, hunger and thirst

Question 45

what are the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum?

Answer 45

sulci and gyri

Question 46

what makes up the grey matter of the cerebrum?

Answer 46

connecting fibres and basal ganglia

Question 47

what is the role of the frontal lobe?

Answer 47

motor cortex, intellect/planning

Question 48

what is the role of the parietal lobe?

Answer 48

general sensations and touch (somatosensory)

Question 49

what is the role of the temporal lobe?

Answer 49

auditory cortex

Question 50

what is the role of the occipital lobe?

Answer 50

visual cortex

Question 51

from left to right what is the order of the following: central sulcus, post central gyrus, pre central gyrus

Answer 51

pre central gyrus--> central sulcus--> postcentral gyrus

Question 52

what are the 3 membranes of the meninges?

Answer 52

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 53

whats is the substance found in the subarachnoid space?

Answer 53

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 54

what is the system that produces CSF?

Answer 54

ventricular system

Question 55

what are the names of the two arteries that supply blood to the brain?

Answer 55

internal carotid artery, vertebral artery

Question 56

how many cervical nerves are there?

Answer 56

8

Question 57

how many thoracic nerves are there?

Answer 57

12

Question 58

how many lumbar nerves are there?

Answer 58

5

Question 59

how many sacral nerves are there?

Answer 59

5