metabolism

Question 1

what are micronutrients?

Answer 1

minerals and vitamins

Question 2

name 3 examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 2

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 3

name 3 examples of disaccharides?

Answer 3

sucrose, maltose, lactose

Question 4

name 3 examples of polysaccharides?

Answer 4

starch, glycogen, cellulose

Question 5

what are the GDA of carbs?

Answer 5

230g

Question 6

what is fibre?

Answer 6

animal or plant carb that resists digestion

Question 7

what are the effects of fibre?

Answer 7

absorbs water into the intestines, softens stool, provides bulk speeding up transit time

Question 8

what is the GDA of fibre?

Answer 8

24g/day

Question 9

what is the GDA of protein?

Answer 9

45-60g/day

Question 10

what are the 8 essential amino acids?

Answer 10

leucine, phenylaline, glutamine, lysine, tyrosine, methionine

Question 11

give examples of proteins that contain all the essential proteins?

Answer 11

eggs, red meat, milk

Question 12

give examples of proteins that contain incomplete proteins (lack essential amino acids)

Answer 12

rice, beans, kidney beans

Question 13

what are the uses of lipids?

Answer 13

energy storage, absorption of fat soluble minerals, plasma membranes, myelin

Question 14

what are the GDA of fats?

Answer 14

70g/day, 20g saturated

Question 15

how are lipids transported?

Answer 15

in the blood as lipoprotein droplets

Question 16

what are chylomicrons?

Answer 16

transport triglycerides and cholesterol from small I to liver via lymphatic vessels

Question 17

what are VLDLs?

Answer 17

transport triglycerides and cholesterol from liver to adipocytes

Question 18

what are HDLs?

Answer 18

empty shells that are made in the liver and transported to tissues, remove cholesterol

Question 19

what are LDLs

Answer 19

transport cholesterol to tissues

Question 20

what changes should be made to the diet during pregnancy?

Answer 20

increase in fibre/protein, calcium, folate, zinc, iodine, iron

Question 21

what is anabolism?

Answer 21

small molecules joined to form complex structure

Question 22

what is catabolism?

Answer 22

large molecules broken down into small ones

Question 23

what is the metabolic rate?

Answer 23

rate of energy released from cells

Question 24

what is the basal metabolic rate?

Answer 24

energy released requirement to support vital organs at rest

Question 25

carbohydrate anabolism?

Answer 25

glucose to glycogen

Question 26

carb catabolism?

Answer 26

glucose to glycolysis or TCA cycle for ATP

Question 27

protein anabolism?

Answer 27

amino acids used to build protein

Question 28

protein catabolism?

Answer 28

amino acids enter TCA cycle, NH2 becomes NH3 excreted in urine

Question 29

lipid anabolism?

Answer 29

fatty acids and glycerol to triglycerides

Question 30

lipid catabolism?

Answer 30

lipolysis, breaking down fat for fuel

Question 31

what is the absorptive metabolic state?

Answer 31

up to 4hrs after meal, mainly anabolic

Question 32

what is the post absorptive metabolic state?

Answer 32

from 4 hrs to next meal, no absorption, mainly catabolic

Question 33

what is the normal blood glucose?

Answer 33

3.5-8 mol/L

Question 34

what is glycogenesis?

Answer 34

glucose built up to glycogen

Question 35

what is glycogenolysis?

Answer 35

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Question 36

what is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 36

amino acids used to make glucose

Question 37

what hormone is secreted and where from during the absorptive stage?

Answer 37

insulin by the B cells of pancreas

Question 38

what is the role of insulin?

Answer 38

lower blood glucose

Question 39

how does insulin lower blood glucose?

Answer 39

glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis

Question 40

what hormones are released during post absorptive stage?

Answer 40

glucagon, adrenaline, glucocorticoids

Question 41

what is the role of glucagon and where is it secreted?

Answer 41

pancreatic A cells | glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

Question 42

what si the role of adrenaline?

Answer 42

glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Question 43

what is the role of glucocorticoids?

Answer 43

adrenal cortex | gluconeogenesis

Question 44

what are ketones?

Answer 44

liver breaks down too many fats and proteins

Question 45

what are the role of ketones?

Answer 45

some used for energy (heart and kidney) | too many= ketoacidosis