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anatomy and physiology > metabolism > Flashcards

metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what are micronutrients?

A

minerals and vitamins

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2
Q

name 3 examples of monosaccharides?

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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3
Q

name 3 examples of disaccharides?

A

sucrose, maltose, lactose

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4
Q

name 3 examples of polysaccharides?

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

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5
Q

what are the GDA of carbs?

A

230g

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6
Q

what is fibre?

A

animal or plant carb that resists digestion

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7
Q

what are the effects of fibre?

A

absorbs water into the intestines, softens stool, provides bulk speeding up transit time

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8
Q

what is the GDA of fibre?

A

24g/day

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9
Q

what is the GDA of protein?

A

45-60g/day

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10
Q

what are the 8 essential amino acids?

A

leucine, phenylaline, glutamine, lysine, tyrosine, methionine

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11
Q

give examples of proteins that contain all the essential proteins?

A

eggs, red meat, milk

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12
Q

give examples of proteins that contain incomplete proteins (lack essential amino acids)

A

rice, beans, kidney beans

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13
Q

what are the uses of lipids?

A

energy storage, absorption of fat soluble minerals, plasma membranes, myelin

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14
Q

what are the GDA of fats?

A

70g/day, 20g saturated

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15
Q

how are lipids transported?

A

in the blood as lipoprotein droplets

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16
Q

what are chylomicrons?

A

transport triglycerides and cholesterol from small I to liver via lymphatic vessels

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17
Q

what are VLDLs?

A

transport triglycerides and cholesterol from liver to adipocytes

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18
Q

what are HDLs?

A

empty shells that are made in the liver and transported to tissues, remove cholesterol

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19
Q

what are LDLs

A

transport cholesterol to tissues

20
Q

what changes should be made to the diet during pregnancy?

A

increase in fibre/protein, calcium, folate, zinc, iodine, iron

21
Q

what is anabolism?

A

small molecules joined to form complex structure

22
Q

what is catabolism?

A

large molecules broken down into small ones

23
Q

what is the metabolic rate?

A

rate of energy released from cells

24
Q

what is the basal metabolic rate?

A

energy released requirement to support vital organs at rest

25
Q

carbohydrate anabolism?

A

glucose to glycogen

26
Q

carb catabolism?

A

glucose to glycolysis or TCA cycle for ATP

27
Q

protein anabolism?

A

amino acids used to build protein

28
Q

protein catabolism?

A

amino acids enter TCA cycle, NH2 becomes NH3 excreted in urine

29
Q

lipid anabolism?

A

fatty acids and glycerol to triglycerides

30
Q

lipid catabolism?

A

lipolysis, breaking down fat for fuel

31
Q

what is the absorptive metabolic state?

A

up to 4hrs after meal, mainly anabolic

32
Q

what is the post absorptive metabolic state?

A

from 4 hrs to next meal, no absorption, mainly catabolic

33
Q

what is the normal blood glucose?

A

3.5-8 mol/L

34
Q

what is glycogenesis?

A

glucose built up to glycogen

35
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

36
Q

what is gluconeogenesis?

A

amino acids used to make glucose

37
Q

what hormone is secreted and where from during the absorptive stage?

A

insulin by the B cells of pancreas

38
Q

what is the role of insulin?

A

lower blood glucose

39
Q

how does insulin lower blood glucose?

A

glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis

40
Q

what hormones are released during post absorptive stage?

A

glucagon, adrenaline, glucocorticoids

41
Q

what is the role of glucagon and where is it secreted?

A

pancreatic A cells

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

42
Q

what si the role of adrenaline?

A

glycogenolysis and lipolysis

43
Q

what is the role of glucocorticoids?

A

adrenal cortex

gluconeogenesis

44
Q

what are ketones?

A

liver breaks down too many fats and proteins

45
Q

what are the role of ketones?

A

some used for energy (heart and kidney)

too many= ketoacidosis

anatomy and physiology (12 decks)

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