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Bio 432 > Topic 1 - Overview > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Overview Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hormones

A

They are signalling molecules that traffic specific information from one cell to another, and maintain homeostasis in the body.

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2
Q

What medium does trafficking occur in? (2)

A
  1. Extracellular fluid

2. Blood stream

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3
Q

What are 10 general actions of hormones?

A
  1. They can regulate their won production and release
  2. Fetal development
  3. Cell growth and cancer
  4. Metabolism of macromolecules and mineral and water molecules
  5. Cardiovascular funciton
  6. Renal function
  7. Skeletal function
  8. Reproductive function
  9. Immune function
  10. Central nervous system function
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4
Q

Name 7 hormone types and provide and example for each.

A
  1. Steroids –> Estrogen, Testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone
  2. Peptides –> Oxytocin, Growth hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone, ACTH
  3. Proteins –> Growth hormone
  4. Cholesterol –> Cortisol
  5. Amino Acids –> Epinephrine, thyroid releasing hormone
  6. Fatty Acids –> Retinoic acid
  7. Vitamins –> Vitamin D
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5
Q

What are 3 types of stimuli that tell a hormone to secrete?

A
  1. Blood levels
  2. Central nervous system
  3. Hormones received from an endocrine gland
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6
Q

What are 2 examples of regulatory proteins?

A
  1. Proteins or peptides

2. Vitamins

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7
Q

What are 2 examples of neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Amine acid analog

2. Proteins or peptides

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8
Q

What are 6 examples of paracrine and autocrine factors?

A
  1. Proteins or peptides
  2. Steroids
  3. Fatty acids
  4. Eicosanoids
  5. Oncogene products
  6. Vitamins
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9
Q

MHC

A

Major histocompatibility complex

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10
Q

TLR

A

Toll like receptors

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11
Q

What are 3 functions of cytokines?

A
  1. Paracrine
  2. Autocrine
  3. Juxacrine
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12
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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13
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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14
Q

Where do hormones secrete from? (14)

A
  1. Pineal
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Pituitary
  4. Thyroid
  5. Parathyroid
  6. Heart
  7. Gut
  8. Thymus
  9. Adrenal
  10. Pancreas
  11. Ovaries/ Testis
  12. Kidneys
  13. Adipose
  14. Liver
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15
Q

1st messenger

A

an extracellular substance thats soluble in the plasm of the blood that binds to a cell-surface receptor and initiates intracellular activity.

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16
Q

GPCR

A

G-Protein coupled receptor

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17
Q

What does binding to a GPCR produce?

A

A 2nd messenger

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18
Q

What are 4 examples of 2nd messenger?

A
  1. cAMP
  2. Ca
  3. IP3
  4. DAG
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19
Q

IP3

A

Inositol trisphosphate

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20
Q

DAG

A

Diacylglycerol

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21
Q

2nd messenger

A

A molecule that relays messages in a cell from a receptor on a cell membrane to the final destination where and action within the cell is to take place.

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22
Q

What are 2 main types of control?

A
  1. CNS input –> brains involved

2. Varied input –> endocrine glands involved

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23
Q

What are 2 examples of free standing endocrine glands?

A
  1. Parathyroid gland

2. Pancreas

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24
Q

What can act as a release for certain hormones and initiate the cycle? (4)

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Light
  3. Stress
  4. Hunger
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25
Q

What system are hormones based around?

A

Desire and effect

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26
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormones

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27
Q

FSH

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

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28
Q

What do GnRH control?

A

The secretion of LH and FSH

29
Q

How does GnRH control hormones? (3)

A
  1. Size
  2. Frequency
  3. Feedback from estrogen and androgens
30
Q

What hormone do low frequency pulse favours?

A

FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone

31
Q

What hormone do high frequency pulse favours?

A

LH - Luteninizing hormone

32
Q

Where are GnRH secreting neurons located?

A

Primarily in the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus

33
Q

Where are GnRH nerve terminals found?

A

In the lateral portions of the external layer of the median eminence adjacent to the pituitary stalk.

34
Q

Where do neurotransmitters act compared to hormones?

A
  • Neurotransmitters act via axon and synapse (local)

- Hormones act via blood and receptor path (distance)

35
Q

What synthesizes hormones and releases them?

A
  • Endocrine synthesizes hormones

- Neurotransmitters release them by a specialized secretory pathway or by diffusion (eg. action potential)

36
Q

Where are cytokines released from?

A

White blood cells

37
Q

What does the adrenal medulla release and what is it important for?

A
  • Catacolome

- Important for regulation and blood pressure

38
Q

Exocrine

A

Relating to or denoting glands that secrete their products through ducts opening into an epithelium rather than directly into the blood stream

39
Q

Endocrine

A

Relating to or denoting glands that secrete hormones of other products directly into the blood

40
Q

Autocrine

A

Is a form of cell signalling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to autocrine receptors on the same cell, leading to changes in the cell

41
Q

Paracrine

A

Relating to or denoting a hormone that has effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it (local or neighbouring)

42
Q

Juxtacrine

A

Is a form of cell signalling that requires close contact (neighbouring and touching cells)

43
Q

How is autocrine signalling regulated?

A

Through a 2 step process followed by controlled release of the hormone from the membrane, it then acts on the same cell

44
Q

How is juxtacrine signalling regulated?

A

Through a 2 step process, followed by binding to a receptor molecule on a neighbouring cell

45
Q

What is the extracellular matrix rich with?

A

Carbohydrates

46
Q

Where can concentration be maintained?

A

Extracellular space

47
Q

Name 2 hormone mechanisms

A
  1. Cell surface receptors

2. Nuclear receptors

48
Q

What are 4 examples of cell surface receptors?

A
  1. 7-transmembrane domain receptors (GPCR)
  2. Receptors with ligand-regulated enzymatic activity eg. tyrosine activity)
  3. Cytokine receptors
  4. Ligand regulated transports (eg. hepcidin)
49
Q

What are the 2 major subtypes of nuclear receptors?

A
  1. Steroid receptor

2. Thyroid receptor

50
Q

Agonist

A

A substance that initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor. It positively effects a biological response

51
Q

Antagonist

A

A substance that interferes with or inhibits the physiological action of another. It negatively effects a biological response

52
Q

What does ACTH regulate? (2)

A

Cortisol and glucose in the fight of flight response

53
Q

Partial agonist

A

Are substances that bind to and activates a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist

54
Q

Partial antagonist

A

Are substances that bind to and inhibit a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full antagonist
- Doesnt fully block

55
Q

Mixed agonist-antagonist

A

Is a substance or receptor ligand that possesses properties that are similar to both agonist and antagonist for certain receptors sites
- Depends on cell type and receptor

56
Q

What are 4 ways to classify hormones?

A
  1. By structure
  2. By receptor location
  3. By intracellular messengers
  4. By solubility
57
Q

What carries out the effects from hormones and what are 3 examples?

A

Intracellular messengers

  1. cAMP
  2. IP3
  3. Ca
58
Q

How are hormones regulated? (2)

A
  1. Through feedback loops

2. Through metabolism

59
Q

What happens when the hormone gets phosphorylated? (2)

A
  1. Structural change

2. Becomes activated

60
Q

BBP

A

Blood binding proteins

61
Q

What do BBP do?

A

They effect the control and release stability of hormones in a uniform distribution

62
Q

What are hydrophobic molecules also known as, and where are they bound to

A
  • Steroids

- Bound to plasma proteins

63
Q

Free hormones

A
  • Not bound by plasma proteins

- Clinically and functionally measure of hormone availability

64
Q

What are 2 examples of hormones with binding proteins?

A
  1. GH –> growth hormone

2. IGF-1 –> Insulin like growth factor 1

65
Q

What is the structure of IGF-1?

A

It is a single chain polypeptide of 70 amino acids

- Has a specific receptor

66
Q

Where are IGF-1 receptors found?

A

Found on most tissues with the notable exceptions of liver and adipose tissues

67
Q

Where is IGF-1 produced? (5)

A
  1. Liver with bone
  2. Adipose tissue
  3. Kidney
  4. Muscle
  5. Others produce smaller quantities
68
Q

What is bioavailability of IGF-1 determined by?

A

Its binding proteins

Bio 432 (19 decks)

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