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Bio 432 > Thyroid Disease - Final Exam > Flashcards

Thyroid Disease - Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is cretinism?

A

Is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth owing to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormone (congenital hypothyroidism) usually owing to maternal hypothyroidism.

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2
Q

What are problems that come with cretinism? (2)

A
  1. Bone maturation (delayed or permanent)

2. Permanent lack of brain development

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3
Q

How can you treat cretinism?

A

This can be permanent unless you are given TH immediately to try and cure it

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4
Q

What are 3 possible causes of cretinism?

A
  1. Anti-TSH receptor antibodies from mother (so mother has Hashimotos disease)
  2. Sever iodine deficiency
  3. Defect in bodys thyroid axis
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5
Q

Why are babies heels pricked?

A

To test and see if they have a health issues

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6
Q

What happens to the baby if the mother has untreated hypothyroid disease?

A

The disabilities in the babies development cannot be reversed with treatment after the 2nd trimester

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7
Q

What do human fetuses acquire for proper development? (2)

A
  1. The ability to synthesize TH early on

2. Substantial transfer of maternal TH across the placenta

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8
Q

What does the placenta contain?

A

Deiodinases

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9
Q

What can deiodinases convert?

A

T4 to T3

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10
Q

What does hypothyroidism in either the mother or fetus result in?

A

Fetal diseases

- Includes a high incidence of brain development disability

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11
Q

What is the net effect of pregnancy on the thyroid gland?

A

Increase demand on the thyroid gland

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12
Q

What is effect the most by TH on the terminal stages of brain differentiation? (5)

A
  1. Synaptogenesis
  2. Growth of dendrites
  3. Axons
  4. Myelination
  5. Neural migration
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13
Q

What are the different terminal stages of brain development regulated by?

A

TH

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14
Q

What is the far most common preventable cause of mental disability in the world?

A

Iodine deficiency

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15
Q

What happens if you dont get adequate iodine intake? (2)

A
  • Both mother and fetus develop hypothyroidism

- Could lead to cretinism with intellectual disability, deaf-mutism and spasticity

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16
Q

What effect does iodine deficiency have on animals? (3)

A
  1. High incidences of still births
  2. Small offspring
  3. Weak offspring
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17
Q

What is recommended to avoid iodine deficiency when pregnant?

A

To take prenatal vitamins/mineral supplements

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18
Q

What is goiter associated with?

A

Overstimulation of thyroid gland causing enlargement

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19
Q

What are possible causes for goiter? (3)

A
  1. Lack of iodine in diet (low salt)
  2. Drug blocking
  3. Autoimmune disease
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20
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

A

Hashimotos thyroiditis disease

21
Q

What is Hashimotos thyroiditis disease?

A

Is an autoimmune disease in which the thyrloid gland is attacked by a variety of cell and antibody-mediated immune processes

22
Q

What could Hashimotos thyroiditis potentially cause?

23
Q

What are sensitized to thyrodial antigens?

A

Lymphocytes

24
Q

What do lymphocytes destroy?

A

Normal thyroidal architecture

25
What is the most common symptom of Hashimotos thyroiditis?
Weight gain, despite normal eating habits
26
What are other possible symptoms of Hashimotos thyroiditis? (6)
1. Lethargy 2. Generalized weakness 3. Menstrual irregularity 4. Cold intolerance 5. Weight gain 6. Depression
27
What do TSHR bind to?
Antibodies that stimulate it
28
Where is TSHR found? (2)
1. In thyroid follicle cells | 2. Eyes
29
What happens to the thyroid gland in Graves disease?
Overactive thyroid gland | - Hyperthyroid disease
30
What is Graves the most common form of?
Thyrotoxicosis
31
What is Graves disease?
Is a disorder characterized by a triad of hyperthyroidism
32
What are 2 outcomes from Graves disease?
1. Goitre | 2. Bulging eyes
33
What is the 1st common sign of Graves disease?
Weight loss despite eating a lot
34
What are 6 symptoms of Graves disease?
1. Cardiac: cardiac arrhythmias 2. Endocrine: weight loss in the presence of increased appetite 3. Dermatological: profuse sweating 4. Neurological: tremor 5. Gastrointestinal: diarrhea (common) 6. Ophthalmological: thyroid eye disease
35
What is another term for Graves disease?
Thyroid story | --> due to the over activation of thyroid production
36
What is the most common cause of hypothyroid and goitre in the US?
Hashimotos thyroiditis
37
What are possible reasons for thyroid diseases? (2)
1. Mutations in TSHR | 2. TR can be activating or inhibiting
38
What is thyroid cancer?
Is a disease that you get when abnormal cells begin to grow in your thyroid gland
39
What happens with cancer of the pituitary gland?
It can cause hyperthyroidism | --> over production of TH
40
EDC
Endocrine disrupting compound
41
What are persistent organic pollutants?
Environmental contaminants
42
What 2 things can lipophilic ring structure mimic?
1. TH 2. Steroid hormone - often estrogenic
43
What is an example of a persistent organic pollutant that have been banned?
PCBs
44
What are 4 ways persistent organic pollutants disrupt the endocrine system?
1. Thyroid axis critical for brain and body development affected 2. Immunotoxity 3. Reproductive impairment 4. Animal health like lipid metabolism and energies affected
45
What is a problem with persistent organic pollutant in frogs?
They can mimic TH and cause them to metamorphose too rapidly causing extreme stress and death or metamorphose too early and food or water supply is not enough to survive
46
What do polybrominated diphenyl ethers alter?
Thyroid status and TH regulated gene transcription in the pituitary and the brain
47
PDBE
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
48
What contains flame retardants?
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
49
Why are deiodinases so important to thyroid function?
It activates or inactivates thyroid hormone | - helps control homeostasis in the thyroid gland

Bio 432 (19 decks)

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