Appetite/Energy Balance and Obesity - Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What does BMI stand for?
A
Body mass index
2
Q
What is the formula for BMI?
A
Weight (kg) / Height(m)^2
3
Q
What percentage of adults in the US are overweight?
A
More than 60%
4
Q
What percentage of children in the US are overweight?
A
25%
5
Q
What is considered to be an international disease and epidemic?
A
Obesity
6
Q
What are the 2 obesity exceptions?
A
- BMI correlates with the amount of body fat, not direct measure of body fat
- Athletes and pregnant women: high BMI indicates overweight but no excess body fat
7
Q
What 2 things work with the brain to let you know you are full?
A
- Stretch receptors
2. Sympathetic sensory system
8
Q
What 2 things work together to let your brain know you are hungry?
A
- pH
2. Stress
9
Q
What plays a big role in obesity? (2)
A
- Insulin
2. Leptin
10
Q
What are the 4 gut derived factors?
A
- Ghrelin
- Peptide YY
- Glucagon-like peptide 1
- Cholecystokinin
11
Q
GLP-1
A
Glucagon-like peptide 1
12
Q
CCK
A
Cholecystokinin
13
Q
What do the gut derived factors influence?
A
Appetite behaviour
14
Q
What does peptide YY do?
A
Lets the brain know there is metabolism going on in the small intestines
15
Q
What do leptin and insulin travel through?
A
Blood
16
Q
What is leptin?
A
It is a cytokine hormone
17
Q
Where is leptin produced?
A
In the visceral fat (adipose tissue)
18
Q
What kind of organ is visceral fat?
A
Endocrine organ
19
Q
What does visceral fat produce?
A
Estrogen
20
Q
What happens to leptin as more fat gets stored in the visceral fat?
A
More leptin is released
21
Q
What does leptin tell the brain?
A
How much fat is being stored
22
Q
What does the brain depend on?
A
Glucose levels
23
Q
NPY
A
Neuropeptide Y
24
Q
What kind of relationship does [leptin] and fat storage have?
A
Direct relationship
- proportional
25
What does glucose stimulate?
The release of insulin from the pancreas
26
Metabolic disease is a problem with what type of diabetes?
Type 2
27
What can help to lower insulin levels?
Exercise
28
What kind of people is insulin resistance most commonly found in?
Obese people
29
What do visceral adipose cells produce significant amounts of?
Proinflammatory cytokines
30
What do proinflammatory cytokines do?
Disrupt normal insulin action in fat and muscle cells
31
What is a major factor in causing the whole body insulin resistance observed with increasing visceral fats?
Proinflammatory cytokines
32
What are 2 adipose signals?
1. Leptin
| 2. Insulin
33
What are 3 satiety signals?
1. Cholecystokinin
2. Glucagon-like peptide 1
3. Peptide YY
34
What are 4 examples of GI peptides?
1. Cholecystokinin
2. Glucagon-like peptide 1
3. Peptide YY
4. Ghrelin
35
What do satiety signals pass through?
Via the vagus nerve
36
Where does the hypothalamus receive its signal from?
The brain
37
ARC
Arcuate nucleus
38
What 2 neurotransmitters are released from the arcuate nucleus?
1. Orexigenic
| 2. Anorexigenic
39
What does orexigenic get released by? (2)
1. Neuropeptide Y
| 2. Agouti-related peptide
40
NPY
Neuropeptide Y
41
AgRP
Agouti-related peptide
42
What does orexigenic activate?
Appetite
43
What is orexigenic stimulated by?
Ghrelin
44
What does anorexigenic get released by? (2)
1. Pro-opiomelancortin
| 2. Cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript
45
POMC
Pro-opiomelancortin
46
CART
Cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript
47
What does anorexigenic inhibit?
Appetite
48
What 4 things is anorexigenic stimulated by?
1. Cholecystokinin
2. Glucagon-like peptide 1
3. Peptide YY
4. Leptin
49
What is the most powerful appetite enhancer?
Neuropeptide Y
50
What is neuropeptide Y co-repressed with?
Agouti-regulated peptide
51
What releases NPY and agouti-related peptide?
Negative energy balance
- low leptin
- hypoglycemia
52
What is involved with high levels of obesity?
Agouti-regulated peptide
53
What is a product of proopiomelanocortin?
Melanocortins
54
What does melanocortins do?
It decreases food intake
55
What does mutation in R (MCR4) lead to? (3)
1. Obesity
2. Hyperphagia
3. Hyperinsulinemia
56
What is the role of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript?
Decrease food intake complex
57
What is cholecytokinin released from?
The gut
58
When is cholecytokinin released?
When nutrients are in the lumen
59
What helps to indicate a sense of fullness?
CCK-1R on the vagus nerve
60
Were are peptide YY released from?
L-cells
61
What does PYY correlate with?
Ingested calories
62
What does a deficiency of cholecytokinin seen in?
Obesity
63
What does GLP-1 do?
Decreases daily food intake
64
Where is leptin produced?
Adipose/visceral fat tissues
65
What does circulating levels of body fat correspond to?
Levels of leptin in the body
66
What does leptin do? (3)
1. Inhibits food intake/ decrease appetite
2. Inhibits NPY and agouti-regulated peptide
3. Stimulates pro-opiomelancortin and cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript
67
What family does the leptin receptor belong to?
Cytokine R family
68
Where does leptin send its signals through?
STAT3
69
STAT3
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
70
Where is leptin receptor found in?
Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
71
What are most obese people insensitive to?
Leptin
72
What happens if there is a mutation in either the leptin gene (Ob) of its receptor (Rb)? (3)
1. Obesity
2. Hyperphagia
3. Decrease in energy expenditure
73
What does leptin play a role in?
Reproductive maturity
74
Where is ghrelin produced?
In the oxyntic glands of the stomach
75
When to the circulating levels of ghrelin increase and decrease?
- Increase = before a meal
| - Decrease = after a meal
76
What doe ghrelin do? (3)
1. Stimulates appetite
2. Stimulates NPY and AgRP neurons
3. Inhibition of POMC neurons
77
What does ghrelin stimulate the release of?
Growth hormone
78
What are 8 other possible roles of ghrelin?
1. Control of adrenocorticotropic hormone and prolactin
2. Glucose and lipid metabolism
4. Gastric mobility and acid secretion
5. Heart functions
6. Sleep
7. Reproduction
8. Anti-proliferative effects
79
What is the receptor for ghrelin?
Growth hormone secretagougue receptor
80
What does obestatin do?
Decrease food intake
81
What roles do adipose do as an endocrine organ? (4)
1. Metabolism
2. Reproduction
3. Cardiovascular function
4. Immunity
82
What are 5 functions leptin does?
1. Regulate appetite
2. Decrease intracellular lipid in muscle and liver
3. Decrease insulin sensitivity
4. Regulation of bone resorption
5. Low levels inhibit reproduction, thyroid thermogenesis, immune resp
83
What are 4 roles of adiponectin?
1. Increase sensitivity
- Increase FA oxidation, increase glucose uptake, decrease gluconeogen
2. Anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic
3. Predominant targets:
- liver and muscle
4. Concentration low in obesity, inverse correlation with BMI
84
What are 2 factors associated with adipocytokines?
1. Pro-inflammatory; association with insulin resistance --> desensitizes insulin receptors
2. Levels increase with obesity
85
What does insulin stimulate and what does it produce?
- Stimulates the liver
| - Produces more glucose
86
What does low body fat correlate with?
The ability to menstrual cycle
87
What is obesity associated with?
Chronic inflammation
88
What does resistin do?
Decreases insulin sensitivity
89
What are 13 disorders that obesity is linked to?
1. Change in ability to release fatty acids
2. Hypertension
3. Dyslipidemia
4. Type 2 diabetes
5. Coronary heart disease
6. Stroke
7. Gallbladder disease
8. Osteoarthritis
9. Sleep apnea
10. Respiratory problems
11. Some cancers
- breast and colon
12. Precocious puberty
- increase in aromatase (visceral fat)
13. Inflammation conditions
90
What are 3 things type 2 diabetes lead to?
1. Increase in insulin resistance
2. Not wanting to exercise
3. Being tired
91
What increases the risk of stroke rate?
Hypertension
92
What are 2 factors that contribute to osteoarthritis?
1. Increase in weight
2. Increase in stress on joints
- all leads to negative correlation with working out
93
What helps to prevent and control obesity?
Losing weight
94
What are 3 factors that effect the occurrence of weight gain?
1. Behaviour
2. Genetics
3. Age
95
What are 6 factors that effect behaviour?
1. Environment
2. Cultural attitudes
3. Financial situation
4. Diet
5. Physical activity
6. Lack of sleep
96
What happens to to ghrelin, leptin and appetite with lack of sleep?
- Ghrelin = increases
- Leptin = decreases
- Appetite = increases
97
What does lack of sleep lead to? (5)
1. Hypertension
2. Weight gain
3. Depression
4. Poor immune system
5. Increase in accident rates (car)
98
What does GH promote?
Lean (fat free) muscle
99
What decreases with age? (2)
1. GH
| 2. Estradiol
100
When does your body make GH?
Between 12am-3am in the morning
101
What does estrogen support?
Bone mineral density
