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Bio 432 > Appetite/Energy Balance and Obesity - Final Exam > Flashcards

Appetite/Energy Balance and Obesity - Final Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does BMI stand for?

A

Body mass index

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2
Q

What is the formula for BMI?

A

Weight (kg) / Height(m)^2

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3
Q

What percentage of adults in the US are overweight?

A

More than 60%

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4
Q

What percentage of children in the US are overweight?

A

25%

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5
Q

What is considered to be an international disease and epidemic?

A

Obesity

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6
Q

What are the 2 obesity exceptions?

A
  1. BMI correlates with the amount of body fat, not direct measure of body fat
  2. Athletes and pregnant women: high BMI indicates overweight but no excess body fat
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7
Q

What 2 things work with the brain to let you know you are full?

A
  1. Stretch receptors

2. Sympathetic sensory system

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8
Q

What 2 things work together to let your brain know you are hungry?

A
  1. pH

2. Stress

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9
Q

What plays a big role in obesity? (2)

A
  1. Insulin

2. Leptin

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10
Q

What are the 4 gut derived factors?

A
  1. Ghrelin
  2. Peptide YY
  3. Glucagon-like peptide 1
  4. Cholecystokinin
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11
Q

GLP-1

A

Glucagon-like peptide 1

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12
Q

CCK

A

Cholecystokinin

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13
Q

What do the gut derived factors influence?

A

Appetite behaviour

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14
Q

What does peptide YY do?

A

Lets the brain know there is metabolism going on in the small intestines

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15
Q

What do leptin and insulin travel through?

A

Blood

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16
Q

What is leptin?

A

It is a cytokine hormone

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17
Q

Where is leptin produced?

A

In the visceral fat (adipose tissue)

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18
Q

What kind of organ is visceral fat?

A

Endocrine organ

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19
Q

What does visceral fat produce?

A

Estrogen

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20
Q

What happens to leptin as more fat gets stored in the visceral fat?

A

More leptin is released

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21
Q

What does leptin tell the brain?

A

How much fat is being stored

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22
Q

What does the brain depend on?

A

Glucose levels

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23
Q

NPY

A

Neuropeptide Y

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24
Q

What kind of relationship does [leptin] and fat storage have?

A

Direct relationship

- proportional

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25
Q

What does glucose stimulate?

A

The release of insulin from the pancreas

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26
Q

Metabolic disease is a problem with what type of diabetes?

A

Type 2

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27
Q

What can help to lower insulin levels?

A

Exercise

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28
Q

What kind of people is insulin resistance most commonly found in?

A

Obese people

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29
Q

What do visceral adipose cells produce significant amounts of?

A

Proinflammatory cytokines

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30
Q

What do proinflammatory cytokines do?

A

Disrupt normal insulin action in fat and muscle cells

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31
Q

What is a major factor in causing the whole body insulin resistance observed with increasing visceral fats?

A

Proinflammatory cytokines

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32
Q

What are 2 adipose signals?

A
  1. Leptin

2. Insulin

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33
Q

What are 3 satiety signals?

A
  1. Cholecystokinin
  2. Glucagon-like peptide 1
  3. Peptide YY
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34
Q

What are 4 examples of GI peptides?

A
  1. Cholecystokinin
  2. Glucagon-like peptide 1
  3. Peptide YY
  4. Ghrelin
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35
Q

What do satiety signals pass through?

A

Via the vagus nerve

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36
Q

Where does the hypothalamus receive its signal from?

A

The brain

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37
Q

ARC

A

Arcuate nucleus

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38
Q

What 2 neurotransmitters are released from the arcuate nucleus?

A
  1. Orexigenic

2. Anorexigenic

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39
Q

What does orexigenic get released by? (2)

A
  1. Neuropeptide Y

2. Agouti-related peptide

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40
Q

NPY

A

Neuropeptide Y

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41
Q

AgRP

A

Agouti-related peptide

42
Q

What does orexigenic activate?

A

Appetite

43
Q

What is orexigenic stimulated by?

A

Ghrelin

44
Q

What does anorexigenic get released by? (2)

A
  1. Pro-opiomelancortin

2. Cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript

45
Q

POMC

A

Pro-opiomelancortin

46
Q

CART

A

Cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript

47
Q

What does anorexigenic inhibit?

A

Appetite

48
Q

What 4 things is anorexigenic stimulated by?

A
  1. Cholecystokinin
  2. Glucagon-like peptide 1
  3. Peptide YY
  4. Leptin
49
Q

What is the most powerful appetite enhancer?

A

Neuropeptide Y

50
Q

What is neuropeptide Y co-repressed with?

A

Agouti-regulated peptide

51
Q

What releases NPY and agouti-related peptide?

A

Negative energy balance

  • low leptin
  • hypoglycemia
52
Q

What is involved with high levels of obesity?

A

Agouti-regulated peptide

53
Q

What is a product of proopiomelanocortin?

A

Melanocortins

54
Q

What does melanocortins do?

A

It decreases food intake

55
Q

What does mutation in R (MCR4) lead to? (3)

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Hyperphagia
  3. Hyperinsulinemia
56
Q

What is the role of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript?

A

Decrease food intake complex

57
Q

What is cholecytokinin released from?

A

The gut

58
Q

When is cholecytokinin released?

A

When nutrients are in the lumen

59
Q

What helps to indicate a sense of fullness?

A

CCK-1R on the vagus nerve

60
Q

Were are peptide YY released from?

A

L-cells

61
Q

What does PYY correlate with?

A

Ingested calories

62
Q

What does a deficiency of cholecytokinin seen in?

A

Obesity

63
Q

What does GLP-1 do?

A

Decreases daily food intake

64
Q

Where is leptin produced?

A

Adipose/visceral fat tissues

65
Q

What does circulating levels of body fat correspond to?

A

Levels of leptin in the body

66
Q

What does leptin do? (3)

A
  1. Inhibits food intake/ decrease appetite
  2. Inhibits NPY and agouti-regulated peptide
  3. Stimulates pro-opiomelancortin and cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript
67
Q

What family does the leptin receptor belong to?

A

Cytokine R family

68
Q

Where does leptin send its signals through?

A

STAT3

69
Q

STAT3

A

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

70
Q

Where is leptin receptor found in?

A

Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

71
Q

What are most obese people insensitive to?

A

Leptin

72
Q

What happens if there is a mutation in either the leptin gene (Ob) of its receptor (Rb)? (3)

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Hyperphagia
  3. Decrease in energy expenditure
73
Q

What does leptin play a role in?

A

Reproductive maturity

74
Q

Where is ghrelin produced?

A

In the oxyntic glands of the stomach

75
Q

When to the circulating levels of ghrelin increase and decrease?

A
  • Increase = before a meal

- Decrease = after a meal

76
Q

What doe ghrelin do? (3)

A
  1. Stimulates appetite
  2. Stimulates NPY and AgRP neurons
  3. Inhibition of POMC neurons
77
Q

What does ghrelin stimulate the release of?

A

Growth hormone

78
Q

What are 8 other possible roles of ghrelin?

A
  1. Control of adrenocorticotropic hormone and prolactin
  2. Glucose and lipid metabolism
  3. Gastric mobility and acid secretion
  4. Heart functions
  5. Sleep
  6. Reproduction
  7. Anti-proliferative effects
79
Q

What is the receptor for ghrelin?

A

Growth hormone secretagougue receptor

80
Q

What does obestatin do?

A

Decrease food intake

81
Q

What roles do adipose do as an endocrine organ? (4)

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Reproduction
  3. Cardiovascular function
  4. Immunity
82
Q

What are 5 functions leptin does?

A
  1. Regulate appetite
  2. Decrease intracellular lipid in muscle and liver
  3. Decrease insulin sensitivity
  4. Regulation of bone resorption
  5. Low levels inhibit reproduction, thyroid thermogenesis, immune resp
83
Q

What are 4 roles of adiponectin?

A
  1. Increase sensitivity
    - Increase FA oxidation, increase glucose uptake, decrease gluconeogen
  2. Anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic
  3. Predominant targets:
    - liver and muscle
  4. Concentration low in obesity, inverse correlation with BMI
84
Q

What are 2 factors associated with adipocytokines?

A
  1. Pro-inflammatory; association with insulin resistance –> desensitizes insulin receptors
  2. Levels increase with obesity
85
Q

What does insulin stimulate and what does it produce?

A
  • Stimulates the liver

- Produces more glucose

86
Q

What does low body fat correlate with?

A

The ability to menstrual cycle

87
Q

What is obesity associated with?

A

Chronic inflammation

88
Q

What does resistin do?

A

Decreases insulin sensitivity

89
Q

What are 13 disorders that obesity is linked to?

A
  1. Change in ability to release fatty acids
  2. Hypertension
  3. Dyslipidemia
  4. Type 2 diabetes
  5. Coronary heart disease
  6. Stroke
  7. Gallbladder disease
  8. Osteoarthritis
  9. Sleep apnea
  10. Respiratory problems
  11. Some cancers
    - breast and colon
  12. Precocious puberty
    - increase in aromatase (visceral fat)
  13. Inflammation conditions
90
Q

What are 3 things type 2 diabetes lead to?

A
  1. Increase in insulin resistance
  2. Not wanting to exercise
  3. Being tired
91
Q

What increases the risk of stroke rate?

A

Hypertension

92
Q

What are 2 factors that contribute to osteoarthritis?

A
  1. Increase in weight
  2. Increase in stress on joints
    - all leads to negative correlation with working out
93
Q

What helps to prevent and control obesity?

A

Losing weight

94
Q

What are 3 factors that effect the occurrence of weight gain?

A
  1. Behaviour
  2. Genetics
  3. Age
95
Q

What are 6 factors that effect behaviour?

A
  1. Environment
  2. Cultural attitudes
  3. Financial situation
  4. Diet
  5. Physical activity
  6. Lack of sleep
96
Q

What happens to to ghrelin, leptin and appetite with lack of sleep?

A
  • Ghrelin = increases
  • Leptin = decreases
  • Appetite = increases
97
Q

What does lack of sleep lead to? (5)

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Weight gain
  3. Depression
  4. Poor immune system
  5. Increase in accident rates (car)
98
Q

What does GH promote?

A

Lean (fat free) muscle

99
Q

What decreases with age? (2)

A
  1. GH

2. Estradiol

100
Q

When does your body make GH?

A

Between 12am-3am in the morning

101
Q

What does estrogen support?

A

Bone mineral density

Bio 432 (19 decks)

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